NIR photo-driven upconversion in amino and carboxyl functionalized NaYF4:Yb,Er particles for in vitro cancer cell imaging

Abstract

Lanthanide-doped fluoride up-converting nanoparticles (UCNPs) represent the imaging contrast agents which hold great potential for overcoming existing problems associated with traditionally used dyes, proteins and quantum dots. Over the last decade, decomposition of organometallic compounds has been indicated as one of the most convenient method for the synthesis of monodisperse NaYF4:Yb/Er UCNPs. Still, their biological application is restricted due to the fact that such synthesis must be followed by Si02 encapsulation or ligands exchange to render them biocompatible. Herein, one-step polymer assisted solvothermal route is used for in situ synthesis of amino- or carboxyl- functionalized NaYF4:Yb,Er UCNPs that have hydrophilic surface capable for conjugation of biomolecules. Structural, morphological and optical properties of particles revealed nucleation of the cubic (Fm-3m) or hexagonal (P63/m) phases in spherical and elongated nanoparticles, respectively. UCNPs up-conversion efficiency was determined by measuring the intensity of blue (at 408 nm, due to 2H9/2→4I11/2 transition), green (at 520 and 540 nm, due to 2Hll/2, 4S3/2→4Il5/2 transitions) and red (at 655 nm, due to 4F9/2→4Il5/2 transition) emission after excitation by NIR (=980 nm) light and calculating (X,Y) CrE chromatic coordinates. UCNPs cytotoxicity and cell labeling capability was tested in vitro toward oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the most common malignant tumor of the head and neck, which early stages are asymptomatic and very similar to other mucosal diseases. Having in mind that great majority of investigations is focused on cancer cell testing, the potential cytotoxicity of UCNPs was additionally tested against human gingival cells (HGC) isolated from healthy gingival tissue. Low cytotoxicity against HGC and a dose dependent viability of OSCC indicates that these might be promising candidates for targeted therapy of cancer. A facile approach presented in this study may be extended to the synthesis of UCNPs with other biocompatible ligands raising at that way their use in biomedicine.