Control of functional electrical stimulation for restoration of motor function
Apstrakt
An injury or disease of the central nervous system (CNS) results in significant limitations in the communication with the environment (e.g., mobility, reaching and grasping). Functional electrical stimulation (FES) externally activates the muscles; thus, can restore several motor functions and reduce other health related problems. This review discusses the major bottleneck in current FES which prevents the wider use and better outcome of the treatment. We present a control method that we continually enhance during more than 30 years in the research and development of assistive systems. The presented control has a multi-level structure where upper levels use finite state control and the lower level implements model based control. We also discuss possible communication channels between the user and the controller of the FES. The artificial controller can be seen as the replica of the biological control. The principle of replication is used to minimize the problems which come from the int...erplay of biological and artificial control in FES. The biological control relies on an extensive network of neurons sending the output signals to the muscles. The network is being trained though many the trial and error processes in the early childhood, but staying open to changes throughout the life to satisfy the particular needs. The network considers the nonlinear and time variable properties of the motor system and provides adaptation in time and space. The presented artificial control method implements the same strategy but relies on machine classification, heuristics, and simulation of model-based control. The motivation for writing this review comes from the fact that many control algorithms have been presented in the literature by the authors who do not have much experience in rehabilitation engineering and had never tested the operations with patients. Almost all of the FES devices available implement only open-loop, sensory triggered preprogrammed sequences of stimulation. The suggestion is that the improvements in the FES devices need better controllers which consider the overall status of the potential user, various effects that stimulation has on afferent and efferent systems, reflexive responses to the FES and direct responses to the FES by non-stimulated sensory-motor systems, and the greater integration of the biological control.
Ključne reči:
neurorehabilitation / optimal control / finite state control / functional electrical stimulationIzvor:
Facta Universitatis, Series: Electronics and Energetics, 2017, 30, 3, 295-312Izdavač:
- Niš : University of Niš
Finansiranje / projekti:
- Istraživanje i razvoj ambijentalno inteligentnih servisnih robota antropomorfnih karakteristika (RS-MESTD-Technological Development (TD or TR)-35003)
Institucija/grupa
Институт техничких наука САНУ / Institute of Technical Sciences of SASATY - JOUR AU - Popović, Dejan B. PY - 2017 UR - https://dais.sanu.ac.rs/123456789/2387 AB - An injury or disease of the central nervous system (CNS) results in significant limitations in the communication with the environment (e.g., mobility, reaching and grasping). Functional electrical stimulation (FES) externally activates the muscles; thus, can restore several motor functions and reduce other health related problems. This review discusses the major bottleneck in current FES which prevents the wider use and better outcome of the treatment. We present a control method that we continually enhance during more than 30 years in the research and development of assistive systems. The presented control has a multi-level structure where upper levels use finite state control and the lower level implements model based control. We also discuss possible communication channels between the user and the controller of the FES. The artificial controller can be seen as the replica of the biological control. The principle of replication is used to minimize the problems which come from the interplay of biological and artificial control in FES. The biological control relies on an extensive network of neurons sending the output signals to the muscles. The network is being trained though many the trial and error processes in the early childhood, but staying open to changes throughout the life to satisfy the particular needs. The network considers the nonlinear and time variable properties of the motor system and provides adaptation in time and space. The presented artificial control method implements the same strategy but relies on machine classification, heuristics, and simulation of model-based control. The motivation for writing this review comes from the fact that many control algorithms have been presented in the literature by the authors who do not have much experience in rehabilitation engineering and had never tested the operations with patients. Almost all of the FES devices available implement only open-loop, sensory triggered preprogrammed sequences of stimulation. The suggestion is that the improvements in the FES devices need better controllers which consider the overall status of the potential user, various effects that stimulation has on afferent and efferent systems, reflexive responses to the FES and direct responses to the FES by non-stimulated sensory-motor systems, and the greater integration of the biological control. PB - Niš : University of Niš T2 - Facta Universitatis, Series: Electronics and Energetics T1 - Control of functional electrical stimulation for restoration of motor function SP - 295 EP - 312 VL - 30 IS - 3 DO - 10.2298/FUEE1703295P UR - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_2387 ER -
@article{ author = "Popović, Dejan B.", year = "2017", abstract = "An injury or disease of the central nervous system (CNS) results in significant limitations in the communication with the environment (e.g., mobility, reaching and grasping). Functional electrical stimulation (FES) externally activates the muscles; thus, can restore several motor functions and reduce other health related problems. This review discusses the major bottleneck in current FES which prevents the wider use and better outcome of the treatment. We present a control method that we continually enhance during more than 30 years in the research and development of assistive systems. The presented control has a multi-level structure where upper levels use finite state control and the lower level implements model based control. We also discuss possible communication channels between the user and the controller of the FES. The artificial controller can be seen as the replica of the biological control. The principle of replication is used to minimize the problems which come from the interplay of biological and artificial control in FES. The biological control relies on an extensive network of neurons sending the output signals to the muscles. The network is being trained though many the trial and error processes in the early childhood, but staying open to changes throughout the life to satisfy the particular needs. The network considers the nonlinear and time variable properties of the motor system and provides adaptation in time and space. The presented artificial control method implements the same strategy but relies on machine classification, heuristics, and simulation of model-based control. The motivation for writing this review comes from the fact that many control algorithms have been presented in the literature by the authors who do not have much experience in rehabilitation engineering and had never tested the operations with patients. Almost all of the FES devices available implement only open-loop, sensory triggered preprogrammed sequences of stimulation. The suggestion is that the improvements in the FES devices need better controllers which consider the overall status of the potential user, various effects that stimulation has on afferent and efferent systems, reflexive responses to the FES and direct responses to the FES by non-stimulated sensory-motor systems, and the greater integration of the biological control.", publisher = "Niš : University of Niš", journal = "Facta Universitatis, Series: Electronics and Energetics", title = "Control of functional electrical stimulation for restoration of motor function", pages = "295-312", volume = "30", number = "3", doi = "10.2298/FUEE1703295P", url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_2387" }
Popović, D. B.. (2017). Control of functional electrical stimulation for restoration of motor function. in Facta Universitatis, Series: Electronics and Energetics Niš : University of Niš., 30(3), 295-312. https://doi.org/10.2298/FUEE1703295P https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_2387
Popović DB. Control of functional electrical stimulation for restoration of motor function. in Facta Universitatis, Series: Electronics and Energetics. 2017;30(3):295-312. doi:10.2298/FUEE1703295P https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_2387 .
Popović, Dejan B., "Control of functional electrical stimulation for restoration of motor function" in Facta Universitatis, Series: Electronics and Energetics, 30, no. 3 (2017):295-312, https://doi.org/10.2298/FUEE1703295P ., https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_2387 .