Реформа помоћи сиромашнима – допринос Владана Ђорђевића

Abstract

Др Владан Ђорђевић изабран је крајем 1871. године у београдску општинску комисију за решавање питања помоћи градској сиротињи. Припремајући се за рад у комисији, Владан Ђорђевић је проучио релевантну литературу из правних, економских, социолошких и историјских наука, и на основу стеченог знања написао рад „Сиротиња“, који је објавио у Младој Србадији (1872). Овај рад је, вероватно, прва теоријска расправа о узроцима сиромаштва и пружању помоћи сиромашнима објављена на српском језику. У предавању „Да помогнемо, браћо, правој сиротињи нашој“ (1872) изнео је предлог реформе помоћи сиромашнима. Вла дан предлаже изградњу Сиротињске куће у којој би била збринута сирочад, стари и инвалиди, глувонема и слепа деца. Др Владан Ђорђевић, као начелник Санитетског одељења МУД, предлаже Народној скупштини Закон о уређењу санитетске струке и о чувању народног здравља (1879). Чланом 28 Закона утврђено је оснивање „сиротињског дома за телесно неспособне“ и делокруг његовог рада. Многи предлози из 1872. године уграђени су у Закон.

Organized help to the Belgrade’s poor was being provided as of 1846, when, upon private initiative, Fond blagoga zavedenija kljasti i ubogi was founded. Next year, Belgrade municipality established Poor People’s Fund. The number of poor people was increasing year after year, so the Fund’s income was not sufficient to cover its expenses. For this reason, in early December 1871, Board of Belgrade municipality founded a committee which was tasked with proposing a solution for reforming municipality’s aid to the poor. One of the members of the committee was army doctor Dr Vladan Đorđević. Dr Vladan Đorđević studied many works in the area of legal, economical, sociological and historical sciences, and based on the acquired knowledge he wrote his work Sirotinja (The Poor) (Мlada Srbadija, 1872). In this work, Vladan Đorđević examined theoretical questions regarding poverty and provided brief history of solving the issue of the poor from ancient times until the 1870s. He analyzed political theories related to stamping out poverty (socialist, liberal, conservative) trying to find balance between state intervention and private initiative. Dr Vladan believed that moral law obliged each individual to help the poor, but that state should also take care of the poor, because it was state’s obligation to take care of its citizens who were not able to provide necessary means for living by themselves. Sirotinja is probably the first theoretical debate on the causes of poverty and aiding the poor published in the Serbian language. On April 23, 1872 Dr Vladan Đorđević held a lecture titled „Brothers, let us help to the really poor“, wherein he informed the citizens of Belgrade of the proposals made by committee for resolving the issues of aid to the poor. Radical reform of care for the poor was proposed, because the aid provided by the municipality was not sufficient for providing the minimum conditions for living. The reform called for switching from the system of direct financial aid to institutionalized aid which would be provided at the so-called Poor people’s house, whose pavillions would shelter orphans, elderly persons, disabled persons, deaf and blind children, poor mothers with small children... In the Poor people’s house there would be a school for midwives, children’s hospital and daycare center for children of laborers. Building of two “laborers’” pavillions was also planned. Laborers who could not find work in the city would work in the first one, while the other pavillion would serve as a correctional institution, in which the authorities would “force” beggars, tramps and petty criminals “to work”. The solutions proposed by Dr Vladan Đorđević were not accepted. In 1879, as Head of Medical Department in the Ministry of Internal Affairs, he proposed to the National Assembly the Law on organization of medical profession and preservation of people’s health. Article 28 of the Law stipulated founding of “poor people’s house for the physically disabled” and the scope of its work. By comparing the lecture held in 1872 and Article 28 of the Law, the following is noticed: the norm related to accomodation and education of orphans and blind and deaf children is kept in its entirety; there are partial matches in the part which regulates addmitance of elderly ill and disabled persons to the house; the idea of founding Laborer’s house was entirely abandoned. Although his proposals for building Poor people’s house and Poor people’s house for physically disabled were not realized, Dr Vladan Đorđević’s proposals for founding institutions for care of the orphans, blind and deaf children fell on fertile ground. Orphans’ home was founded in 1887, School for midwives (1899), Institut for deaf children (1896), Home and school for the blind (1919), Childrens’ hospital (1919). After World War I first daycare centers for laborers’ children and nursing homes for elderly persons were founded