@conference{
author = "Ковачевић, Душан and Момировић, Небојша and Ољача, Снежана and Долијановић, Жељко and Ђорђевић, Снежана and Милић, Весна",
year = "2019",
abstract = "На крају XX и почетку XXI века јављају се нови погле-
ди односно нове филозофије будућег развоја пољопривреде. Наиме, сматра
се да ће развој пољопривреде у новом веку бити заснован на концептима
који предвиђају значајне промене у технологији гајења усева и оплемењи-
вању биља које би допринеле бољем успостављању еколошке равнотеже и
стабилности природних ресурса у агроекосистему (земљиште, вода, клима,
природна вегетација). Такви начини гајења биљака поред економске ефек-
тивности морали би бити и дугорочно одрживи како би били доступни ге-
нерацијама које долазе после нас. Одржива пољопривреда је један од алтер-
нативних система земљорадње који је заснован на економској ефикасности и
чувању основних природних ресурса (земљишта, воде) и енергије.
Технологија гајења озиме пшенице у свету и код нас заснована је на
интензивној употреби механизације и агрохемикалија ‒ минералних ђубри-
ва и пестицида. Највећи број сорти пшенице је стваран за такве, интензивне
услове производње. Интензивну производњу пшенице карактерише велика
потрошња енергије и различити ризици који доводе до деградације и за-
гађења земљишта и загађења животне средине.
Данас је све више различитих праваца у пољопривреди почев од
индустријске (конвенционалне) па све до органске пољопривреде. Про-
изводно-еколошки услови, односно њихова изражена регионалност, нала-
жу непрестано изналажење нових решења у технологији гајења пшенице.
Флексибилнија агротехника мора бити спој конвенционалних начина са
модерном технологијом која подразумева преиспитивање система обраде
земљишта, рационалније ђубрење, интегрални прилаз у заштити биља, пло-
дореде са већим учешћем легуминоза, одговарајуће сорте и семенарство.
Циљ овог рада је да укаже на значај, нужност и бројне могућности
рационализације технологије гајења озиме пшенице у складу са основним
постулатима одрживе пољопривреде у Србији., On the basis of the previous theoretical but also practical knowledge, some
things can be listed, which will certainly provoke signifi cant changes in the fi eld
of agriculture. First of all, global climatic changes will have their refl ection on
the territory of Serbia as well. Th e analysis of the last 20-year weather conditions
(temperatures and precipitations) related to winter wheat shows the increase of
autumnal and spring temperatures at the end of the fi rst decade of the 21st century.
Th e eff ects of a year on winter wheat cannot be avoided. Weather conditions
during each production year signifi cantly aff ect plants directly or indirectly
through the soil. In recent decades, abiotic extremes caused by climate factors
have had stress eff ects on fi led crops. Th e application of cropping practices can provide the undisturbed growth and development of grain crops and can neutralise
extreme abiotic climate factors (precipitation, temperature) and their stress
eff ects on crops. Th ese adaptations must fi rst and foremost build resilience within
agroecosystem, increasing its ability to continue functioning when faced with unexpected
events.
Under climate conditions in Serbia, winter wheat primarily develops when
there is a suffi cient or even surplus amount of precipitation. Th e precipitation
surplus adversely aff ects winter wheat. If there is a precipitation defi cit the following
indirect measures, which resulted in reduced water requirements by grain
crops are employed: balanced NPK nutrition, optimum nitrogen rates, optimum
density in accordance with cultivar properties and climate conditions, well developed
crop free of disease and pests. Th e choice of a proper cultivar for certain
agroecological conditions is increasingly important, because not only dry but also
extremely wet years last in a longer period of time. All cultivars have a high potential
for yield, but resistance to stress conditions, especially to high temperatures
or drought, will be a very important criterion, particularly for more arid regions.
In intensive fi eld crop production tillage sistem is of great importance. Tillage
system have an eff ect on many physical, chemical and biological properties
of soil. Multiple passes of diff erent agricultural machinery have negative eff ect
on structure, bulk density, total pore space and compaction as well as increased
expencives. Today there is need rational solutions for that problems. Conservation
tillage practice can increase the organic matter content, aggregate stability,
and improve optimal soil water content, air, temperature, biological regime and
nutrient cycling that represent basic elements in erosion control, soil and water
conservation and environment protection and preservation.
Unfavorable meteorologicaly conditions in dry year, winter wheat low-input
technology with conservation soil treatment was more eff ective than conventional.
In the year with favorable rainfall, all the advantages were on the other side
in treatment with conventional tillage systems. A higher dose of nitrogen in top
dressing in winter wheat was more eff ective than a rational dose and in control
variant without nitrogen in top dressing.
For rational (low-input) technology of winter wheat, the choice of cultivar is particularly important, especially in years with extreme meteorological conditions.
Reduction in soil treatment, mineral nutrition and protection was more in
line with cultivars for low-iinput, which also aff ected the larger diff erences in the
dry season. Rational technology, which includes conventional tillage system and
rational amount N had better eff ect in weed control than both of conservation
tillage systems had. However, mulch tillage does not lag behind the conventional
tillage. Th is is one of possibilities for crop technology rationalization for winter
wheat and soil conservation in drought year. No-tillage with no fertilization increased
total weednesess and decrease grain yield especially without N fertilization.
Th is tillage makes weed control diffi cult.
Fertilization with high N level gives better grain yield than the other level.
In the year with a more favorable conditions, diff erences in yield between
cultivars were less. Low input cultivars of winter wheat especially Evropa, Lasta, and Pobeda positively responded to diff erent technology in winter wheat production
by their yield than high-input cultivars (Pesma, Rana niska).
Within this group of varieties Europe and Lasta have shown the greatest
adaptability which is refl ected in the highest yield of grain. On the conditions
created in the technology of cultivation with protective soil treatment, from the
varieties for intensive investments, Pesma was reacted very well, unlike the very
intense variety Rana niska, which these conditions did not correspond.",
publisher = "Београд : Српска академија наука и уметности",
journal = "Обновљиво коришћење природних ресурса у сеоским подручјима Србије",
title = "Значај рационалне технологије гајења озиме пшенице са становишта одрживе пољопривреде, The importance of rational technology in cultivating ozima wheat from the perspective of sustainable agriculture",
pages = "75-96",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_10100"
}
