TY  - JOUR
AU  - Fotić, Aleksandar
PY  - 2019
UR  - https://dais.sanu.ac.rs/123456789/7804
AB  - In the Ottoman Empire extortion on a local level was a frequent practice and it took diverse forms. The Ottoman documents preserved in the archive of the Monastery of Hilandar (Mount Athos) give us a picture of the ways in which its monks struggled to preserve their privileges and protect their large metochion at Zdravikion (about 700 donums). Their basic tax obligation to the “master of the land” (sahib-i arz) was paid annually in a lump sum (maktu‘) ever since 1481, when sultan Bayezid II exempted them from paying the tithe at the express request of the Wallachian voivode Basarab II Țepeluș. The annual lump sum of 600 akces accounted for only a half of the total tax burden - they had been relieved of paying the other half by the sultan himself. This privilege was confirmed by all subsequent sultans, most likely until 1569. Local masters of the land (at first sipahis, then hass and finally vakıf authorities) persistently and in various ways sought to impose the payment of the tithe. This paper presents different arguments they used in the attempt to extort the payment of the tithe and the monks’ firm attitude in defending their rights before the kadı’s court and the Imperial Divan. Monks were able to prove their rights because they conscientiously kept, sometimes for centuries, all the necessary documents relating to their land possessions, producing them as evidence in court proceedings.
PB  - Belgrade : Institute for Balkan Studies SASA
T2  - Balcanica
T1  - Coping with Extortion on a Local Level: The Case of Hilandar’s Metochion in Zdravikion (Draviskos, Strymon Region) in the Sixteenth Century
SP  - 73
EP  - 83
VL  - 50
DO  - 10.2298/BALC1950073F
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_7804
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Fotić, Aleksandar",
year = "2019",
abstract = "In the Ottoman Empire extortion on a local level was a frequent practice and it took diverse forms. The Ottoman documents preserved in the archive of the Monastery of Hilandar (Mount Athos) give us a picture of the ways in which its monks struggled to preserve their privileges and protect their large metochion at Zdravikion (about 700 donums). Their basic tax obligation to the “master of the land” (sahib-i arz) was paid annually in a lump sum (maktu‘) ever since 1481, when sultan Bayezid II exempted them from paying the tithe at the express request of the Wallachian voivode Basarab II Țepeluș. The annual lump sum of 600 akces accounted for only a half of the total tax burden - they had been relieved of paying the other half by the sultan himself. This privilege was confirmed by all subsequent sultans, most likely until 1569. Local masters of the land (at first sipahis, then hass and finally vakıf authorities) persistently and in various ways sought to impose the payment of the tithe. This paper presents different arguments they used in the attempt to extort the payment of the tithe and the monks’ firm attitude in defending their rights before the kadı’s court and the Imperial Divan. Monks were able to prove their rights because they conscientiously kept, sometimes for centuries, all the necessary documents relating to their land possessions, producing them as evidence in court proceedings.",
publisher = "Belgrade : Institute for Balkan Studies SASA",
journal = "Balcanica",
title = "Coping with Extortion on a Local Level: The Case of Hilandar’s Metochion in Zdravikion (Draviskos, Strymon Region) in the Sixteenth Century",
pages = "73-83",
volume = "50",
doi = "10.2298/BALC1950073F",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_7804"
}

Fotić, A.. (2019). Coping with Extortion on a Local Level: The Case of Hilandar’s Metochion in Zdravikion (Draviskos, Strymon Region) in the Sixteenth Century. in Balcanica
Belgrade : Institute for Balkan Studies SASA., 50, 73-83.
https://doi.org/10.2298/BALC1950073F
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_7804

Fotić A. Coping with Extortion on a Local Level: The Case of Hilandar’s Metochion in Zdravikion (Draviskos, Strymon Region) in the Sixteenth Century. in Balcanica. 2019;50:73-83.
doi:10.2298/BALC1950073F
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_7804 .

Fotić, Aleksandar, "Coping with Extortion on a Local Level: The Case of Hilandar’s Metochion in Zdravikion (Draviskos, Strymon Region) in the Sixteenth Century" in Balcanica, 50 (2019):73-83,
https://doi.org/10.2298/BALC1950073F .,
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_7804 .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Fotić, Aleksandar
PY  - 2017
UR  - http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/Article.aspx?id=0350-76531748055F
UR  - https://dais.sanu.ac.rs/123456789/6107
AB  - Besides its usage with the primary meanings: 1) social status; 2) subjectship, the term re‘āyā was used to denote, as many historians tend to claim, “only non-Muslim subjects” from “sometime” in the second half of the eighteenth and in the nineteenth century. The paper demonstrates that this meaning of the term re‘āyā had already been in use since the first decades of the eighteenth century, and not to the exclusion of but along with other meanings. More frequent replacement of the neutral shari‘a term zimmī(ler) and the usual official term kefere with the word re‘āyā should be considered a consequence of structural social change taking place in the same century. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. 177003: Medieval heritage of the Balkans: institutions and culture]
T2  - Balcanica
T2  - Balcanica
T1  - Tracing the Origin of a New Meaning of the Term re‘āyā in the Eighteenth-Century Ottoman Balkans
SP  - 55
EP  - 66
IS  - 48
DO  - 10.2298/BALC1748055F
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_6107
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Fotić, Aleksandar",
year = "2017",
abstract = "Besides its usage with the primary meanings: 1) social status; 2) subjectship, the term re‘āyā was used to denote, as many historians tend to claim, “only non-Muslim subjects” from “sometime” in the second half of the eighteenth and in the nineteenth century. The paper demonstrates that this meaning of the term re‘āyā had already been in use since the first decades of the eighteenth century, and not to the exclusion of but along with other meanings. More frequent replacement of the neutral shari‘a term zimmī(ler) and the usual official term kefere with the word re‘āyā should be considered a consequence of structural social change taking place in the same century. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. 177003: Medieval heritage of the Balkans: institutions and culture]",
journal = "Balcanica, Balcanica",
title = "Tracing the Origin of a New Meaning of the Term re‘āyā in the Eighteenth-Century Ottoman Balkans",
pages = "55-66",
number = "48",
doi = "10.2298/BALC1748055F",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_6107"
}

Fotić, A.. (2017). Tracing the Origin of a New Meaning of the Term re‘āyā in the Eighteenth-Century Ottoman Balkans. in Balcanica(48), 55-66.
https://doi.org/10.2298/BALC1748055F
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_6107

Fotić A. Tracing the Origin of a New Meaning of the Term re‘āyā in the Eighteenth-Century Ottoman Balkans. in Balcanica. 2017;(48):55-66.
doi:10.2298/BALC1748055F
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_6107 .

Fotić, Aleksandar, "Tracing the Origin of a New Meaning of the Term re‘āyā in the Eighteenth-Century Ottoman Balkans" in Balcanica, no. 48 (2017):55-66,
https://doi.org/10.2298/BALC1748055F .,
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_6107 .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Fotić, Aleksandar
PY  - 2017
UR  - http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/Article.aspx?id=0350-76531748055F
UR  - https://dais.sanu.ac.rs/123456789/5292
AB  - Besides its usage with the primary meanings: 1) social status; 2) subjectship, the term re‘āyā was used to denote, as many historians tend to claim, “only non-Muslim subjects” from “sometime” in the second half of the eighteenth and in the nineteenth century. The paper demonstrates that this meaning of the term re‘āyā had already been in use since the first decades of the eighteenth century, and not to the exclusion of but along with other meanings. More frequent replacement of the neutral shari‘a term zimmī(ler) and the usual official term kefere with the word re‘āyā should be considered a consequence of structural social change taking place in the same century.
PB  - Belgrade : Institute for Balkan Studies, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
T2  - Balcanica
T1  - Tracing the Origin of a New Meaning of the Term re‘āyā in the Eighteenth-Century Ottoman Balkans
SP  - 55
EP  - 66
IS  - XLVIII
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_5292
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Fotić, Aleksandar",
year = "2017",
abstract = "Besides its usage with the primary meanings: 1) social status; 2) subjectship, the term re‘āyā was used to denote, as many historians tend to claim, “only non-Muslim subjects” from “sometime” in the second half of the eighteenth and in the nineteenth century. The paper demonstrates that this meaning of the term re‘āyā had already been in use since the first decades of the eighteenth century, and not to the exclusion of but along with other meanings. More frequent replacement of the neutral shari‘a term zimmī(ler) and the usual official term kefere with the word re‘āyā should be considered a consequence of structural social change taking place in the same century.",
publisher = "Belgrade : Institute for Balkan Studies, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts",
journal = "Balcanica",
title = "Tracing the Origin of a New Meaning of the Term re‘āyā in the Eighteenth-Century Ottoman Balkans",
pages = "55-66",
number = "XLVIII",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_5292"
}

Fotić, A.. (2017). Tracing the Origin of a New Meaning of the Term re‘āyā in the Eighteenth-Century Ottoman Balkans. in Balcanica
Belgrade : Institute for Balkan Studies, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts.(XLVIII), 55-66.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_5292

Fotić A. Tracing the Origin of a New Meaning of the Term re‘āyā in the Eighteenth-Century Ottoman Balkans. in Balcanica. 2017;(XLVIII):55-66.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_5292 .

Fotić, Aleksandar, "Tracing the Origin of a New Meaning of the Term re‘āyā in the Eighteenth-Century Ottoman Balkans" in Balcanica, no. XLVIII (2017):55-66,
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_5292 .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Fotić, Aleksandar
PY  - 2009
UR  - https://dais.sanu.ac.rs/123456789/4299
AB  - The rich archive of the Athonite Monastery of Hilandar contains a group of Ottoman documents relating to the promontory of Kassandra. Hilandar did not begin to acquire land in Kassandra until the very end of the sixteenth century. No link has been found between the newly-acquired landed property and the metochia Hilandar had held under Byzantine rule. Bits of information gleaned from the documentary material on Hilandar's metochia within the village boundaries of Kalandra and Mavrokol, of the now non-existent village of Plastara, and of Valta, modern Kassandria, have been used to look at the ways of land acquisition, the composition of estates, forms of tenure, relations with the 'master of the land', taxes, and disputes in the course of the two centuries.
PB  - Belgrade : Institute for Balkan Studies, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
T2  - Balcanica
T1  - Kassandra in the Ottoman Documents from Chilandar (Hilandar) Monastery (Mount Athos) in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
SP  - 57
EP  - 73
IS  - XL
DO  - 10.2298/BALC0940057F
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_4299
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Fotić, Aleksandar",
year = "2009",
abstract = "The rich archive of the Athonite Monastery of Hilandar contains a group of Ottoman documents relating to the promontory of Kassandra. Hilandar did not begin to acquire land in Kassandra until the very end of the sixteenth century. No link has been found between the newly-acquired landed property and the metochia Hilandar had held under Byzantine rule. Bits of information gleaned from the documentary material on Hilandar's metochia within the village boundaries of Kalandra and Mavrokol, of the now non-existent village of Plastara, and of Valta, modern Kassandria, have been used to look at the ways of land acquisition, the composition of estates, forms of tenure, relations with the 'master of the land', taxes, and disputes in the course of the two centuries.",
publisher = "Belgrade : Institute for Balkan Studies, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts",
journal = "Balcanica",
title = "Kassandra in the Ottoman Documents from Chilandar (Hilandar) Monastery (Mount Athos) in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries",
pages = "57-73",
number = "XL",
doi = "10.2298/BALC0940057F",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_4299"
}

Fotić, A.. (2009). Kassandra in the Ottoman Documents from Chilandar (Hilandar) Monastery (Mount Athos) in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. in Balcanica
Belgrade : Institute for Balkan Studies, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts.(XL), 57-73.
https://doi.org/10.2298/BALC0940057F
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_4299

Fotić A. Kassandra in the Ottoman Documents from Chilandar (Hilandar) Monastery (Mount Athos) in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. in Balcanica. 2009;(XL):57-73.
doi:10.2298/BALC0940057F
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_4299 .

Fotić, Aleksandar, "Kassandra in the Ottoman Documents from Chilandar (Hilandar) Monastery (Mount Athos) in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries" in Balcanica, no. XL (2009):57-73,
https://doi.org/10.2298/BALC0940057F .,
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_4299 .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Fotić, Aleksandar V.
PY  - 2002
UR  - https://dais.sanu.ac.rs/123456789/4132
AB  - Between the 16th and 18th centuries, as subsequently as well, non-Muslim subjects of the Ottoman Empire used as lawful proof in the Shari’ah court various documents, contracts, written in non-Ottoman languages. What is particularly worth emphasizing, is the fact that these contemporary documents, written in Cyrillic script and in the Serbian/Bulgarian language, as well as those in the Greek language, not rarely involved even Muslim and non-Muslim subjects. Even very important ones: concerning payment of debts and giving land as security. On the basis of few hüccets preserved at Hilandar it has been shown that such documents were indeed acknowledged by the Ottoman Shari’ah courts, and as reliable and valid evidence. The hüccets refer to them as mōloviya/mōlōyia (ﻪﻴﻮﻠﻮﻣ) - undoubtedly derived from the Greek term omologia (όμολογία) - regardless of whether a document was in Greek or in some of the Slavic languages. Writing omologias in mixed milieus, with predominantly Christian population, shows that Muslim community sometimes accepted local customs and traditions of the zimmīs. They were influenced by local customs although there was open and more secure opportunity to register loans at kādī’s Shari’ah court.
AB  - U Osmanskom carstvu, u razdoblju od XV do XVIII veka, a i docnije, sastavljani su različiti ugovori na nekim balkanskim jezicima. Sklapali su ih uglavnom nemuslimani među sobom, mada ima i onih koje su sklapali nemuslimanski sa muslimanskim podanicima Carstva. Iako nisu pisani na zvaničnom osmansko-turskom jeziku, takvi akti su bili pravosnažni na osmanskom šerijatskom sudu.
T2  - Balcanica
T1  - The contracts in 'other” languages and Ottoman Shari’ah Court (16th - 18th C)
T1  - Уговори на „другим“ језицима и османски шеријатски суд (XVI-XVIII век)
SP  - 175
EP  - 182
IS  - 32-33
DO  - 10.2298/BALC0233175F
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_4132
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Fotić, Aleksandar V.",
year = "2002",
abstract = "Between the 16th and 18th centuries, as subsequently as well, non-Muslim subjects of the Ottoman Empire used as lawful proof in the Shari’ah court various documents, contracts, written in non-Ottoman languages. What is particularly worth emphasizing, is the fact that these contemporary documents, written in Cyrillic script and in the Serbian/Bulgarian language, as well as those in the Greek language, not rarely involved even Muslim and non-Muslim subjects. Even very important ones: concerning payment of debts and giving land as security. On the basis of few hüccets preserved at Hilandar it has been shown that such documents were indeed acknowledged by the Ottoman Shari’ah courts, and as reliable and valid evidence. The hüccets refer to them as mōloviya/mōlōyia (ﻪﻴﻮﻠﻮﻣ) - undoubtedly derived from the Greek term omologia (όμολογία) - regardless of whether a document was in Greek or in some of the Slavic languages. Writing omologias in mixed milieus, with predominantly Christian population, shows that Muslim community sometimes accepted local customs and traditions of the zimmīs. They were influenced by local customs although there was open and more secure opportunity to register loans at kādī’s Shari’ah court., U Osmanskom carstvu, u razdoblju od XV do XVIII veka, a i docnije, sastavljani su različiti ugovori na nekim balkanskim jezicima. Sklapali su ih uglavnom nemuslimani među sobom, mada ima i onih koje su sklapali nemuslimanski sa muslimanskim podanicima Carstva. Iako nisu pisani na zvaničnom osmansko-turskom jeziku, takvi akti su bili pravosnažni na osmanskom šerijatskom sudu.",
journal = "Balcanica",
title = "The contracts in 'other” languages and Ottoman Shari’ah Court (16th - 18th C), Уговори на „другим“ језицима и османски шеријатски суд (XVI-XVIII век)",
pages = "175-182",
number = "32-33",
doi = "10.2298/BALC0233175F",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_4132"
}

Fotić, A. V.. (2002). The contracts in 'other” languages and Ottoman Shari’ah Court (16th - 18th C). in Balcanica(32-33), 175-182.
https://doi.org/10.2298/BALC0233175F
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_4132

Fotić AV. The contracts in 'other” languages and Ottoman Shari’ah Court (16th - 18th C). in Balcanica. 2002;(32-33):175-182.
doi:10.2298/BALC0233175F
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_4132 .

Fotić, Aleksandar V., "The contracts in 'other” languages and Ottoman Shari’ah Court (16th - 18th C)" in Balcanica, no. 32-33 (2002):175-182,
https://doi.org/10.2298/BALC0233175F .,
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_4132 .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Fotić, Aleksandar
PY  - 2001
UR  - https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=4864
UR  - https://dais.sanu.ac.rs/123456789/6110
AB  - У Османском царству, у раздобљу од XV до XVIII века, а и доцније, састављани су различити уговори на неким балканским језицима. Склапали су их углавном немуслимани међу собом, мада има и оних које су склапали немуслимански са муслиманским поданицима Царства. Иако нису писани на званичном османско-турском језику, такви акти су били правоснажни на османском шеријатском суду.
T2  - Balcanica
T1  - Ugovori na "drugim" jezicima i osmanski šerijatski sud (XVI–XVIII vek)
SP  - 175
EP  - 183
IS  - XXXII-XXXI
DO  - 10.2298/BALC0233175F
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_6110
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Fotić, Aleksandar",
year = "2001",
abstract = "У Османском царству, у раздобљу од XV до XVIII века, а и доцније, састављани су различити уговори на неким балканским језицима. Склапали су их углавном немуслимани међу собом, мада има и оних које су склапали немуслимански са муслиманским поданицима Царства. Иако нису писани на званичном османско-турском језику, такви акти су били правоснажни на османском шеријатском суду.",
journal = "Balcanica",
title = "Ugovori na "drugim" jezicima i osmanski šerijatski sud (XVI–XVIII vek)",
pages = "175-183",
number = "XXXII-XXXI",
doi = "10.2298/BALC0233175F",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_6110"
}

Fotić, A.. (2001). Ugovori na "drugim" jezicima i osmanski šerijatski sud (XVI–XVIII vek). in Balcanica(XXXII-XXXI), 175-183.
https://doi.org/10.2298/BALC0233175F
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_6110

Fotić A. Ugovori na "drugim" jezicima i osmanski šerijatski sud (XVI–XVIII vek). in Balcanica. 2001;(XXXII-XXXI):175-183.
doi:10.2298/BALC0233175F
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_6110 .

Fotić, Aleksandar, "Ugovori na "drugim" jezicima i osmanski šerijatski sud (XVI–XVIII vek)" in Balcanica, no. XXXII-XXXI (2001):175-183,
https://doi.org/10.2298/BALC0233175F .,
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_6110 .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Fotić, Aleksandar
PY  - 1996
UR  - https://dais.sanu.ac.rs/123456789/4402
T2  - Balcanica
T1  - 'Les Balkans à l'époque ottoman' (sous la responsabilité de Daniel Panzac), Revue du Monde Musulman et de la Méditerranée, 66 (1992/4) 1-158
SP  - 354
EP  - 355
IS  - 27
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_4402
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Fotić, Aleksandar",
year = "1996",
journal = "Balcanica",
title = "'Les Balkans à l'époque ottoman' (sous la responsabilité de Daniel Panzac), Revue du Monde Musulman et de la Méditerranée, 66 (1992/4) 1-158",
pages = "354-355",
number = "27",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_4402"
}

Fotić, A.. (1996). 'Les Balkans à l'époque ottoman' (sous la responsabilité de Daniel Panzac), Revue du Monde Musulman et de la Méditerranée, 66 (1992/4) 1-158. in Balcanica(27), 354-355.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_4402

Fotić A. 'Les Balkans à l'époque ottoman' (sous la responsabilité de Daniel Panzac), Revue du Monde Musulman et de la Méditerranée, 66 (1992/4) 1-158. in Balcanica. 1996;(27):354-355.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_4402 .

Fotić, Aleksandar, "'Les Balkans à l'époque ottoman' (sous la responsabilité de Daniel Panzac), Revue du Monde Musulman et de la Méditerranée, 66 (1992/4) 1-158" in Balcanica, no. 27 (1996):354-355,
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_4402 .