@conference{
author = "Тошевски, Иво and Крстић, Оливер and Јовић, Јелена and Видовић, Биљана and Петановић, Радмила",
year = "2018",
abstract = "Смештено на раскршћу три велика континента, Европе,
Азије и Африке, Балканско полуострво показује изузетну комплексност у својој ге-
ографији, а тиме изузетну разноврсност у погледу флористичких и фаунистичких
елемената који насељавају ово подручје. Територија Србије је као централна област
Балкана од посебног значаја јер се на њој сусрећу биолошки ентитети централне Ев-
ропе, Мале Азије, Mедитерана и северне Африке. Oво подручје је због тога прог-
лашено „центром европског биодиверзитета“. Захваљујући својој позицији и богат-
ству флористичких елемената, диверзитет инсеката (Insecta) на територији Србије
је изузетно богат. Ово пружа могућност проучавања њиховог утицаја на бројност
популација биљака које представљају проблем у екосистемима или имају економски
значај. Употреба инсеката у сузбијању алохтоних или аутохтоних инвазивних врста
до бројности која је испод прага економске штетности представља основни прин-
цип у класичној и инундативној биолошкој контроли штетних организама. Богат-
ство ентомофауне чини територију Србије веома привлачном за реализацију истраживања из области биолошке контроле. Ово је посебно важно у времену значајних
климатских промена и интензивне размене биота као директне последице глобалног
повећања обима трговине између држава. До сада су са територије Србије у циљу би-
олошког сузбијања корова евроазијског порекла реализована истраживања којима је
било обухваћено неколико десетина фитофагних врста инсеката најчешће из фами-
лија Curculionidae, Chrysomelidae, Cerambycidae, Buprestidae, Noctuidae, Geometridae,
Cosmopterigidae и Anthomyiidae. Поред инсеката, ериофиде (Acari: Eriophyoidea) као
најразноврснија група фитофагних гриња се пре свега због монофагије, разматрају
и истражују као кандидати класичне биолошке контроле корова. Од преко 50 врста
које се у свету наводе као кандидати, Србију настањује око 50% што је чини значај-
ним ресурсом за ту намену. У раду се износе примери евидентирања и проучавања
врста инсеката и ериофида за примену у Европи и на другим континентима., Territory of the Republic of Serbia, as the central area of the Balkan
Peninsula, is of particular interest as a point where biological entities coming
from central Europe, Asia Minor, Mediterranean and North Africa encounter.
Hence, this area has been declared as a “center of European biodiversity”.
Natural consequence of Serbia’s geographic position and the richness of
the flora is the great diversity of insect fauna (Insecta). Observed diversity
of entomofauna is the reason why the territory of Serbia is attractive for the
research in biological control. Climate change and the intensive exchange of
biota as a direct consequence of increasing global trend of trade between the
countries is what make this a particularly important issue.
Although Serbia has a relatively short history of research on phytophagous
insects as biological control agents for Eurasian origin weeds, researchers at the
biological laboratory of Institute for plant protection based in Zemun (presently
Institute for plant protection and environment, Zemun) can be considered as
doyens of biological control research in Europe and even worldwide. The first
department for biological control of pests in Europe started working in the
Institute for plant protection in Zemun, in 1954. The founder and the first director
of the Institute for plant protection, prof. dr. Guido Nonveiller, had a vision of
forming a team of interdisciplinary researchers with biological and agronomic
background. In the period from 1967–1974, the project entitled “Project 480:
Europe: Yugoslavia E30-Ent-12 – Distribution and natural enemies of the weeds
Dalmatian toadflax (Linaria dalmatica Mill) and Mediterranean sage (Salvia
aethiopsis L.) in Yugoslavia”, has been carried out for the purpose of biological
control of L. dalmatica (Plantaginaceae) and Salvia aethiops (Lamiaceae).
Four more projects supported by the USDA followed: Elaboration of protective
measures for agricultural crops against parasitic phanerogams belonging to
the genera Cuscuta and Orobanche (parasitic herbs – dodders and broomrape)
(1968–1971), Biological control of terrestrial and aquatic weeds and pests of
crop plants (1977–1983), Biological control of insects and weeds (1981–1986),
Biocontrol of Yugoslavian and North American weeds with insects, pathogens
and other biotic agents (1988–1990, 1991). Research on potential phytophagous
insects against invasive weeds in North America included, beside a forementioned plants, Myriophyllum spicatum L. (Haloragaceae), Carduus nutans, Carduus
acanthoides, Cirsium arvense, Centaurea solstitialis, Centaurea maculosa
(Asteraceae), Euphorbia cyparissias and Euphorbia virgata (Euphorbaceae).
Classical biological control (i.e. intentional release of natural enemies of
exotic pests for the purpose of their control) represents a very important tool
in the integrated pest management. Globalization and intensive trade between
countries have led to exchange of organisms from different zoogeographical
regions. Should those organisms adapt to the new environment, they could
potentially represent threat to local ecosystems. This is the reason why,
according to Agenda 21 (Chapter 14), biological control has been recognized as
a method of choice in pest control.
Until 1992, the research within USDA Project 480 resulted in introduction
of several insect species in the area of North America. Introduced species were:
Sphenoptera jugoslavica for the purpose of controlling Centaurea diffusa
(Asteraceae), Hylas euphorbiae, Oberea erythrocephala, Pegomya euphorbiae
and P. curticornis (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) for the control of invasive spurge
species Euphorbia esula, E. cyparissias and E. virgata. Species from the genus
Aphthona (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae), A. lacertosa, A. nigris-cutis and A.
flava, were introduced for the same reason. Further, two weevil species, Larinus
obtusus and L. minutus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), were used against Centaurea
diffusa and Centaurea maculosa. Lastly, defoliator species Calophasia lunula
(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was introduced for the control of Linaria dalmatica
and L. vulgaris (Plantaginaceae).
During the period of 1992–1999, introduced species were Chamaesphecia
hungarica and Ch. crassicornis for the control of Euphorbia virgata and
Chamaesphecia hungaricafor the control of Euphorbia esula. Two moth species,
Eteobalea serratella and E. intermediella (Cosmopterigidae), were introduced for
the control of north American populations of Linaria vulgaris and L. dalmatica.
Finally, after extensive host specificity tests, a weevil species Mogulones
cruciger was introduced for the purpose of controlling Cynoglossum officinale
(Boraginaceae) in North America .
Advances in molecular techniques in the 21st century have led to turn over
in biological control research. New knowledge on specific interactions within
the insect-plant system has placed in the focus population-genetic properties of
the biological control agent. Molecular techniques also enabled understanding
biological properties of local insect’s populations as well as cryptic speciation,
which consequently led to overall better safety and precision in biological control
research. The research, since 2000, has been focused on invasive plant species of
the genus Linaria and weevils of the genus Mecinus and Rhinusa. New research
enabled introduction and successful development of gallicol weevil species
Rhinusapilosa in north-west Canada. Furthermore, cryptic species Mecinus
janthiniformis was described within the Mecinus jathinus. Within Mecinus
heydenii complex of species, one cryptic species were described, Mecinus peterharrisi in association with L. dalmatica and one subspecies Mecinus
laeviceps ssp. meridionalis association with L. genistifolia from East Serbia
and Bulgaria. One new gallforming weevil species was also described, namely
Rhinusa rara in association with L. genistifolia and L. dalmatica from East
Serbia, Hungary and South Russia. All newly described species and subspecies
are in the research process of suitability assessment as the biological control
agents. Besides insects many species of eriophyoid mites, an obligatory plant
feeders, are considered to be among the most promising candidate agents for
classical biological control of weeds due to their biology and host-plant relationship.
Eriophyoid mites have high degree of host specificity, about 80% of currently known
species have been recorded on a one host plant. Among approximately 5000 known
species about 50 are considered as potential weed control agents in the world. More
than 50% of these species have been discovered in Serbia. Investigations in this
field started in early 1980’s. In the period 1990–2000’s in the framework of different
projects three new species for science were described on Geranium dissectum L.
and four on Euphorbia spp. At the beginning of 2000’s, especially detailed studies
of Aceria anthocoptes (Nal.) and Leipothrix dipsacivagus Petanović. et Rector have
been carried out from the different points of view.
During the last years few eriophyoid mites were investigated within the
framework of different European programs of classical biological control of weeds.
Aceria acroptiloni Kovalev et Shevchenko was studied as agent of biocontrol of
Rhaponticum repens (L.) Hidalgo, Metaculus spp. were studied for biological
control of Lepidium latifolium L., Isatis tinctoria and Diplotaxis tenuifolia, as well
as two Aceria spp. for biological control of Eleagnus angustifolia L. Moreover
two potential biocontrol agents Aceria artemisiifoliae Vidović & Petanović, and
Aculops mosiniensis Ripka against Ambrosia artemisifolia L. and Ailanthus
altissima (Mill) Swingle respectively have been nominated recently. More or less
integrative approach in species delimitation has been applied using combined
techniques of phase contrast light microscopy, pseudo dark field, differential
interference contrast microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, scanning
electron microscopy and sequencing of barcoding region of mt COI DNA.
Traditional morphological analysis was accomplished with morphometric,
(linear and/or geometric) analysis because it helps in understanding intraspecific
variability, including races adapted to the host plants and /or cryptic species.
Studying potential agents for the biological control of invasive weeds is
tightly linked with floristic and entomo-acaro-faunistic diversity. Because of
its position, the territory of Serbia represents a meeting point for floristic and
faunistic elements coming from central Europe, Asia Minor, Mediterranean and
North Africa. The complex floristic and faunistic diversity is also a consequence
of numerous colonizations and recolonizations of biota during the periods of
glaciation and interglaciation. These unique aspects have made the territory of
Serbia an excellent starting point for the research in biological control.",
publisher = "Београд : Српска академија наука и уметности",
journal = "Eколошки и економски значај фауне Србије : зборник радова са научног скупа 17. новембар 2016.",
title = "Инсекти и гриње у фауни Србије од значаја за класичну биолошку контролу корова, Insects and mites in the fauna of Serbia - importance for the classical biological control of weeds",
pages = "341-365",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_10838"
}
