@conference{
author = "Долијановић, Жељко and Ковачевић, Душан and Ољача, Снежана",
year = "2019",
abstract = "Фаворизовањем плодореда, здружених и покровних
усева углавном се повећава биодиверзитет при чему се побољшава иско-
ришћеност ресурса као што су земљиште, светлост, топлота и вода. Увођење
ових система, у светлу постојања климатских промена, има карактер, како
индиректних и превентивних, тако и директних мера побољшања, заштите
и унапређења агроекосистема. Посебан акценат је на очувању земљишта и
унапређењу гајења усева кроз конзервацију земљишне влаге, очувању струк-
туре, контроли корова, заштити од ерозије, побољшању потенцијалне плод-
ности земљишта и др.
Фреквенција усева у овим системима највише зависи од одабраног сис-
тема пољопривредне производње. Иако је у конвенционалним (класични м)
системима број усева, а тиме и плодоредних поља мањи, треба тежити пове-
ћању биодиверзитета, како кроз увођење нових усева, тако и кроз осавре-
мењавање постојећег сортимента и стално увођење нових хибрида и сората
гајених врста. У наведеним системима, махунарке морају имати већи значај,
као у форми главних, тако и у форми накнадних, пострних и компонената
здружених и покровних усева. Посебни системи гајења имају значаја у стра-
тегији управљања азотом у земљишту. Зеленишним ђубрењем земљиште се
обогаћује са око 35–40 t/ha органске масе и са 100–200 kg/ha N фиксираног из
ваздуха, а од тога наредни усев искористи 40–50% азота.
Ограничавајућа околност за интензивирање плодореда јесте да је про-
сечна величина газдинства у Републици Србији око 3 ha и да већина индиви-
дуалних газдинстава базира своју производњу на задовољењу сопствених
потреба, а да је врло мало комерцијалних индивидуалних газдинстава. У
такви м условима, без укрупњавања поседа, врло је тешко организовати ра-
тарску производњу у потпуним правилним, а посебно вишепољним, плодо-
редима. Ефикасност гајења здружених и покровних усева треба процењива-
ти, с једне стране кроз подизање плодности земљишта, спречавање ерозије,
редукције корова, задржавања хранива и спречавање загађивања подземних
вода, али и с аспекта економске исплативости. Краткорочна корист често
може бити нижа од уложених средстава и рада те потребу за гајењем здруже-
них и покровних усева треба размотрити за сваки конкретан случај., Based on previous analyzes and fi ndings, numerous notes can be mentioned,
which can have a signifi cant impact on changes in the fi eld of agricultural
production. Serbia is still in the belt of a moderate continental climate. Given
the global climate change, and in particular the increase in air temperature, the
question is what will be the trend of agricultural development in the future. Of
course, there are always solutions, and in this respect, science and profession
must come to the fore. Solutions imply that agriculture and producers are facing climate change, that is, the level of cultural practices needs to be adapted to the
changes. Th e choice of varieties and hybrids is also an important link in which
we can improve production and mitigate the negative consequences of climate
change. Soil tillage and fertilization systems must be in accordance with the type
of soil and the real needs of cultivated plants. Th e optimal deadline for sowing
and measures of care should be adjusted to the agroecological conditions of the
production area and the purpose of growing a particular plant species.
Special systems of growing (crop rotation, inter- and cover crops) so far
have not had the importance they belong to in agricultural production. Th ese
are the measures that must be paid much more attention in the future in all
cultivation methods. Namely, all the aforementioned cultural practices will
be less, more modifi ed by the introduction of these systems. Th ese cultivation
systems, properly designed, have a signifi cant impact on the soil tillage system,
fertilization, sowing times, and even the selection of varieties and hybrids of
cultivated plants. Depending on what we want to achieve by cultivating inter- and
cover crops, the choice of species for these crops will be diff erent. If the soil is of
poorer physical or physical-mechanical properties or less potential fertility, the
legumes must have a signifi cant share in the set structure. If the land is heavily
weediness, especially perennial types of weeds, we should seriously count on
grass-leguminous mixtures and species from the family Brasicaceae. For soil
susceptible to erosion (water or wind) grasses are an inevitable group of crops,
and it is especially important that the land is covered with vegetation over all or
greater part of the year. Th e aspect of conservation of soil moisture during autumn
and winter and use by plants when they are most needed should not be ignored.
In this respect, the proper crop rotation and cultivation of cover crops can play a
signifi cant role.
Crop rotation as a measure that has a phytosanitary, organizational, economic and agro-technical character, it is irreplaceable and unavoidable in all
crop production systems, and on the other hand the cheapest. For its introduction
on the holding, no funds are needed, only the realization of the extent to which the
measure is important for the producer itself, cultivated plant and agroecosystem as
a whole. Th e dominance of the simplest, two-crop rotation is a good “alternative”
to cultivating crops in a continuous cropping, but certainly not, and in particular
will not be suffi cient to solve a number of problems with land and cultivated
plants. Th e number of fi elds, or the number of crops that can be changed, can
be three, but it is certainly recommended for four or six crops, especially if
agricultural production is observed in the long term, and should be. However,
the possibilities of cultivating crops in complete crop rotation are sometimes,
objectively, limiting. A small number of mixed farms, in particular crop-farming,
and in such conditions is a narrow selection of cultivated plants that are present
on the farm, and the lack of manure also limits the increase in the frequency of
crops. On the other hand, the small size of the plot of mainly “scattered” type is an
unfavorable circumstance for most agricultural producers. Unlike crop rotation, the other two measures (inter- and cover crops) are
not cheap and sometimes they can have the character of “very expensive” and
unprofi table measures. Th erefore, the application of these measures should be
approached with utmost care and consideration of each case individually, i.e. there
is no universal solution for all the soil, all producers and all cultivation areas. It is
very important, before establishing a cover crop, to pay attention to whether the
profi t from such a system is long-term and whether the costs invested justify the
objectives. Th e primary goal of cultivating these crops is the most important, but
we always have secondary goals, for example reparation of soil fertility, reduction
of weediness, use of aboverground biomass crops for other purposes, etc. Starting
from the condition of the soil or agroecological conditions in general, we set the
goal what we want to fi x or replace. Based on this, we select a crops for individually
or cultivating in a mixture, we determine the production technology and we think
about the crop rotation that will be established on that plot.
Agricultural production in the Republic of Serbia has always met and will
meet with numerous objective and subjective obstacles, but the modernization of
production and favors of advanced farming systems has a future. In sustainable
and organic farming systems, where our country also has a chance and can
become recognizable, these systems are not a matter of choice, but one of the preestablished
compulsory measures in cultivation technology.",
publisher = "Београд : Српска академија наука и уметности",
title = "Посебни системи гајења у функцији унапређења и заштите агроекосистема, Special cultivating systems in the function of enhancement and protection of agroecosystem",
pages = "97-121",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_10101"
}
