Đorđević, Ljubiša

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  • Đorđević, Ljubiša (4)
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Author's Bibliography

Scanning electron microscopy analysis of changes of hydroxiapatite/poly-l-lactide with different molecular weight of PLLA after intraperitoneal implantation

Đorđević, Ljubiša; Najman, Stevo; Vasiljević, Perica; Miljković, Miroslav; Ignjatović, Nenad; Uskoković, Dragan; Plavšić, Milenko

(2016)

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Đorđević, Ljubiša
AU  - Najman, Stevo
AU  - Vasiljević, Perica
AU  - Miljković, Miroslav
AU  - Ignjatović, Nenad
AU  - Uskoković, Dragan
AU  - Plavšić, Milenko
PY  - 2016
UR  - https://dais.sanu.ac.rs/123456789/15457
AB  - Implantation of a biomaterial is one of the important trends in solving the problem of bone tissue loss. Calcium hydroxiapatite (HAp), as the most representative bone component is a serious candidate for such implantations. The synthetic polymer poly-L-lactide (PLLA) in HAp/PLLA is often used as a polymeric material, with a role in the substitution of bone tissue collagen fibers. Fibers of PLLA may strengthen HAp and its good bioresorption provides space for tissue remodeling. Differences in porosity, microstructure, compressive consistency as well as bioresorbility of HAp/PLLA may be achieved by using PLLA with different molecular weights. In this study HAp/PLLA composites with PLLA of different molecular weights (50,000; 160,000 and 430,000) were implanted in mouse peritoneum in order to examine the influence of the molecular weight of PLLA on morphology changes. Microstructural changes of biomaterial (HAp/PLLA) surface were analyzed one week, three weeks and four months after their implantation using Scanning Electron Microscopy. The results showed a significant difference in tissue reactions on the applied biocomposites, depending on their molecular weight. The most intense proliferation of cells was induced by HAp/PLLA 50,000 compared to HAp/PLLA 430,000 and HAp/PLLA 160,000. In the vicinity of HAp/PLLA 430,000 abundant erythrocytes were observed. The differences in biological reactions on the examined biocomposites are significant for their practical applications. HAp/PLLA composite biomaterials of different types and resorption rates require specific designing and programming to become suitable for particular purposes in an organism.
T2  - Acta Veterinaria
T1  - Scanning electron microscopy analysis of changes of hydroxiapatite/poly-l-lactide with different molecular weight of PLLA after intraperitoneal implantation
SP  - 234
EP  - 244
VL  - 66
IS  - 2
DO  - 10.1515/acve-2016-0020
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_15457
ER  - 
@article{
author = "Đorđević, Ljubiša and Najman, Stevo and Vasiljević, Perica and Miljković, Miroslav and Ignjatović, Nenad and Uskoković, Dragan and Plavšić, Milenko",
year = "2016",
abstract = "Implantation of a biomaterial is one of the important trends in solving the problem of bone tissue loss. Calcium hydroxiapatite (HAp), as the most representative bone component is a serious candidate for such implantations. The synthetic polymer poly-L-lactide (PLLA) in HAp/PLLA is often used as a polymeric material, with a role in the substitution of bone tissue collagen fibers. Fibers of PLLA may strengthen HAp and its good bioresorption provides space for tissue remodeling. Differences in porosity, microstructure, compressive consistency as well as bioresorbility of HAp/PLLA may be achieved by using PLLA with different molecular weights. In this study HAp/PLLA composites with PLLA of different molecular weights (50,000; 160,000 and 430,000) were implanted in mouse peritoneum in order to examine the influence of the molecular weight of PLLA on morphology changes. Microstructural changes of biomaterial (HAp/PLLA) surface were analyzed one week, three weeks and four months after their implantation using Scanning Electron Microscopy. The results showed a significant difference in tissue reactions on the applied biocomposites, depending on their molecular weight. The most intense proliferation of cells was induced by HAp/PLLA 50,000 compared to HAp/PLLA 430,000 and HAp/PLLA 160,000. In the vicinity of HAp/PLLA 430,000 abundant erythrocytes were observed. The differences in biological reactions on the examined biocomposites are significant for their practical applications. HAp/PLLA composite biomaterials of different types and resorption rates require specific designing and programming to become suitable for particular purposes in an organism.",
journal = "Acta Veterinaria",
title = "Scanning electron microscopy analysis of changes of hydroxiapatite/poly-l-lactide with different molecular weight of PLLA after intraperitoneal implantation",
pages = "234-244",
volume = "66",
number = "2",
doi = "10.1515/acve-2016-0020",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_15457"
}
Đorđević, L., Najman, S., Vasiljević, P., Miljković, M., Ignjatović, N., Uskoković, D.,& Plavšić, M.. (2016). Scanning electron microscopy analysis of changes of hydroxiapatite/poly-l-lactide with different molecular weight of PLLA after intraperitoneal implantation. in Acta Veterinaria, 66(2), 234-244.
https://doi.org/10.1515/acve-2016-0020
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_15457
Đorđević L, Najman S, Vasiljević P, Miljković M, Ignjatović N, Uskoković D, Plavšić M. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of changes of hydroxiapatite/poly-l-lactide with different molecular weight of PLLA after intraperitoneal implantation. in Acta Veterinaria. 2016;66(2):234-244.
doi:10.1515/acve-2016-0020
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_15457 .
Đorđević, Ljubiša, Najman, Stevo, Vasiljević, Perica, Miljković, Miroslav, Ignjatović, Nenad, Uskoković, Dragan, Plavšić, Milenko, "Scanning electron microscopy analysis of changes of hydroxiapatite/poly-l-lactide with different molecular weight of PLLA after intraperitoneal implantation" in Acta Veterinaria, 66, no. 2 (2016):234-244,
https://doi.org/10.1515/acve-2016-0020 .,
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_15457 .

Ectopic osteogenesis and hematopoiesis after implantantion of bone marrow cells seeded on HAP/PLLA scaffold

Vasiljević, Perica; Najman, Stevo; Đorđević, Ljubiša; Savić, Vojin P.; Vukelić, Marija Đ.; Živanov Čurlis, Jelena Z.; Ignjatović, Nenad; Uskoković, Dragan

(Belgrade : Association of the Chemical Engineers of Serbia, 2009)

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Vasiljević, Perica
AU  - Najman, Stevo
AU  - Đorđević, Ljubiša
AU  - Savić, Vojin P.
AU  - Vukelić, Marija Đ.
AU  - Živanov Čurlis, Jelena Z.
AU  - Ignjatović, Nenad
AU  - Uskoković, Dragan
PY  - 2009
UR  - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/0367-598X0904301V
UR  - https://dais.sanu.ac.rs/123456789/3362
AB  - Bone tissue reconstruction and reparation is a big challenge in medicine. Biocomposite materials based on hidroxyapatite are widely used in reparation of bone defects. Adult bone marrow-derived stem cells may be considered in two categories: hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) from the bone marrow and mesenchymal stem cells from the bone marrow stroma (BMSC). HSC and BMSC do not only coexist in one organ, but functionally cooperate. BMSC have a critical role in the formation of hematopoietic microenvironment (HME). The aim of this study was to investigate the interactions between bone marrow cells and biocomposites based on HAp/PLLA (hidroxyapatite/poly-L-lactide) after subcutaneous implantation in Balb/c mice. In that purpose, bone marrow cells of Balb/c mice were seeded in HAp/PLLA tubes (15 mm×1,5 mm). The HAp/PLLA tubes with BMC was subcutaneously implanted with a needle into the intrascapsular region of the mouse. Implants were extracted after 2, 6 and 12 weeks. In implants after 2 and 6 weeks we found angiogenesis, collagenogenesis and new bone. Ectopic hematopoiesis was seen in implants after 12 weeks from implantation. As a good scaffold in the role of supporting osteogenesis and hematopoiesis, biocomposites HAp/PLLA can be good bone substitute materials in the bone reparation process. These results showed that the HAp/PLLA scaffold owned biological properties comparable to natural bone.
AB  - Ispitivana je biofunkcionalnost biokompozita hidroksiapatit/poli-L-laktida (HAp/ /PLLA) kao matrice za osteogenezu i hematopoezu posle subkutane implantacije singenim miševima Balb/c. HAp/PLLA oblikovan je u cevčice (15 mm×1,5 mm) koje su napunjene ćelijama koštane srži miša, a zatim implantirane. Kontrole su bile prokuvane tibije i femuri napunjene na isti način. Implanti su ekstrahovani posle 2, 6 i 12 nedelja i analizirani patohistološki. Angiogeneza i osteogeneza se vide već posle dve nedelje na implantima, što je izraženije na kostima. Vrlo izražena hematopoeza u implantima oba tipa se vidi posle dvanaest nedelja. HAp/PLLA može poslužiti kao matrica za ektopičnu osteogenezu i hematopoezu.
PB  - Belgrade : Association of the Chemical Engineers of Serbia
T2  - Hemijska industrija
T1  - Ectopic osteogenesis and hematopoiesis after implantantion of bone marrow cells seeded on HAP/PLLA scaffold
T1  - Ektopična osteogeneza i hematopoeza iz implantiranih ćelija koštane srži na matrici od biokompozita HAP/PLLA
SP  - 301
EP  - 307
VL  - 63
IS  - 4
DO  - 10.2298/HEMIND0904301V
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_3362
ER  - 
@article{
author = "Vasiljević, Perica and Najman, Stevo and Đorđević, Ljubiša and Savić, Vojin P. and Vukelić, Marija Đ. and Živanov Čurlis, Jelena Z. and Ignjatović, Nenad and Uskoković, Dragan",
year = "2009",
abstract = "Bone tissue reconstruction and reparation is a big challenge in medicine. Biocomposite materials based on hidroxyapatite are widely used in reparation of bone defects. Adult bone marrow-derived stem cells may be considered in two categories: hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) from the bone marrow and mesenchymal stem cells from the bone marrow stroma (BMSC). HSC and BMSC do not only coexist in one organ, but functionally cooperate. BMSC have a critical role in the formation of hematopoietic microenvironment (HME). The aim of this study was to investigate the interactions between bone marrow cells and biocomposites based on HAp/PLLA (hidroxyapatite/poly-L-lactide) after subcutaneous implantation in Balb/c mice. In that purpose, bone marrow cells of Balb/c mice were seeded in HAp/PLLA tubes (15 mm×1,5 mm). The HAp/PLLA tubes with BMC was subcutaneously implanted with a needle into the intrascapsular region of the mouse. Implants were extracted after 2, 6 and 12 weeks. In implants after 2 and 6 weeks we found angiogenesis, collagenogenesis and new bone. Ectopic hematopoiesis was seen in implants after 12 weeks from implantation. As a good scaffold in the role of supporting osteogenesis and hematopoiesis, biocomposites HAp/PLLA can be good bone substitute materials in the bone reparation process. These results showed that the HAp/PLLA scaffold owned biological properties comparable to natural bone., Ispitivana je biofunkcionalnost biokompozita hidroksiapatit/poli-L-laktida (HAp/ /PLLA) kao matrice za osteogenezu i hematopoezu posle subkutane implantacije singenim miševima Balb/c. HAp/PLLA oblikovan je u cevčice (15 mm×1,5 mm) koje su napunjene ćelijama koštane srži miša, a zatim implantirane. Kontrole su bile prokuvane tibije i femuri napunjene na isti način. Implanti su ekstrahovani posle 2, 6 i 12 nedelja i analizirani patohistološki. Angiogeneza i osteogeneza se vide već posle dve nedelje na implantima, što je izraženije na kostima. Vrlo izražena hematopoeza u implantima oba tipa se vidi posle dvanaest nedelja. HAp/PLLA može poslužiti kao matrica za ektopičnu osteogenezu i hematopoezu.",
publisher = "Belgrade : Association of the Chemical Engineers of Serbia",
journal = "Hemijska industrija",
title = "Ectopic osteogenesis and hematopoiesis after implantantion of bone marrow cells seeded on HAP/PLLA scaffold, Ektopična osteogeneza i hematopoeza iz implantiranih ćelija koštane srži na matrici od biokompozita HAP/PLLA",
pages = "301-307",
volume = "63",
number = "4",
doi = "10.2298/HEMIND0904301V",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_3362"
}
Vasiljević, P., Najman, S., Đorđević, L., Savić, V. P., Vukelić, M. Đ., Živanov Čurlis, J. Z., Ignjatović, N.,& Uskoković, D.. (2009). Ectopic osteogenesis and hematopoiesis after implantantion of bone marrow cells seeded on HAP/PLLA scaffold. in Hemijska industrija
Belgrade : Association of the Chemical Engineers of Serbia., 63(4), 301-307.
https://doi.org/10.2298/HEMIND0904301V
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_3362
Vasiljević P, Najman S, Đorđević L, Savić VP, Vukelić MĐ, Živanov Čurlis JZ, Ignjatović N, Uskoković D. Ectopic osteogenesis and hematopoiesis after implantantion of bone marrow cells seeded on HAP/PLLA scaffold. in Hemijska industrija. 2009;63(4):301-307.
doi:10.2298/HEMIND0904301V
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_3362 .
Vasiljević, Perica, Najman, Stevo, Đorđević, Ljubiša, Savić, Vojin P., Vukelić, Marija Đ., Živanov Čurlis, Jelena Z., Ignjatović, Nenad, Uskoković, Dragan, "Ectopic osteogenesis and hematopoiesis after implantantion of bone marrow cells seeded on HAP/PLLA scaffold" in Hemijska industrija, 63, no. 4 (2009):301-307,
https://doi.org/10.2298/HEMIND0904301V .,
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_3362 .
4
1
3

Osteogenic activity in a mice subcutaneous implant of porous hydroxyapatite/poly-L-lactide loaded with bone marrow cells

Janićijević, Jelena; Najman, Stevo; Vukelić, Marija; Ignjatović, Nenad; Uskoković, Dragan; Đorđević, Ljubiša; Vasiljević, Perica

(Belgrade : Institute of Technical Sciences of SASA, 2007)

TY  - CONF
AU  - Janićijević, Jelena
AU  - Najman, Stevo
AU  - Vukelić, Marija
AU  - Ignjatović, Nenad
AU  - Uskoković, Dragan
AU  - Đorđević, Ljubiša
AU  - Vasiljević, Perica
PY  - 2007
UR  - 181
UR  - https://dais.sanu.ac.rs/123456789/6283
AB  - Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is biomaterial widely used in the regeneration of bone tissue.
Addition of osteogenic cells to HAp implants may accelerate the bone repair process. The aim of
this study was to investigate how the bone marrow cells (BMCs) loading of porous
hydroxyapatite/poly-L-lactide (HAp/PLLA) act to ectopic osteogenesis. In this purpose
HAp/PLLA with and without BMCs was subcutaneously implanted into BALB/c mice. As a
control served implants from both types which weren’t implanted. Three weeks after
implantation, histological analysis of implants was done. It was observed significant resorption
and induction of collagenogenesis in implanted biomaterials. The structure of new bone was
seen in implants loaded with bone marrow cells.
PB  - Belgrade : Institute of Technical Sciences of SASA
C3  - Programme and The Book of Abstracts / Ninth Annual Conference YUCOMAT 2007, Herceg Novi, September 10-14, 2007
T1  - Osteogenic activity in a mice subcutaneous implant of porous hydroxyapatite/poly-L-lactide loaded with bone marrow cells
SP  - 181
EP  - 181
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_6283
ER  - 
@conference{
author = "Janićijević, Jelena and Najman, Stevo and Vukelić, Marija and Ignjatović, Nenad and Uskoković, Dragan and Đorđević, Ljubiša and Vasiljević, Perica",
year = "2007",
abstract = "Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is biomaterial widely used in the regeneration of bone tissue.
Addition of osteogenic cells to HAp implants may accelerate the bone repair process. The aim of
this study was to investigate how the bone marrow cells (BMCs) loading of porous
hydroxyapatite/poly-L-lactide (HAp/PLLA) act to ectopic osteogenesis. In this purpose
HAp/PLLA with and without BMCs was subcutaneously implanted into BALB/c mice. As a
control served implants from both types which weren’t implanted. Three weeks after
implantation, histological analysis of implants was done. It was observed significant resorption
and induction of collagenogenesis in implanted biomaterials. The structure of new bone was
seen in implants loaded with bone marrow cells.",
publisher = "Belgrade : Institute of Technical Sciences of SASA",
journal = "Programme and The Book of Abstracts / Ninth Annual Conference YUCOMAT 2007, Herceg Novi, September 10-14, 2007",
title = "Osteogenic activity in a mice subcutaneous implant of porous hydroxyapatite/poly-L-lactide loaded with bone marrow cells",
pages = "181-181",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_6283"
}
Janićijević, J., Najman, S., Vukelić, M., Ignjatović, N., Uskoković, D., Đorđević, L.,& Vasiljević, P.. (2007). Osteogenic activity in a mice subcutaneous implant of porous hydroxyapatite/poly-L-lactide loaded with bone marrow cells. in Programme and The Book of Abstracts / Ninth Annual Conference YUCOMAT 2007, Herceg Novi, September 10-14, 2007
Belgrade : Institute of Technical Sciences of SASA., 181-181.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_6283
Janićijević J, Najman S, Vukelić M, Ignjatović N, Uskoković D, Đorđević L, Vasiljević P. Osteogenic activity in a mice subcutaneous implant of porous hydroxyapatite/poly-L-lactide loaded with bone marrow cells. in Programme and The Book of Abstracts / Ninth Annual Conference YUCOMAT 2007, Herceg Novi, September 10-14, 2007. 2007;:181-181.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_6283 .
Janićijević, Jelena, Najman, Stevo, Vukelić, Marija, Ignjatović, Nenad, Uskoković, Dragan, Đorđević, Ljubiša, Vasiljević, Perica, "Osteogenic activity in a mice subcutaneous implant of porous hydroxyapatite/poly-L-lactide loaded with bone marrow cells" in Programme and The Book of Abstracts / Ninth Annual Conference YUCOMAT 2007, Herceg Novi, September 10-14, 2007 (2007):181-181,
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_6283 .

Cell response to intraperitoneal pdms/HAp composite implant

Najman, Stevo; Đorđević, Ljubiša; Savić, Vojin; Ignjatović, Nenad; Miljković, Miroslav; Vasiljević, Perica; Uskoković, Dragan

(Niš : University of Niš, Faculty of Medicine, 2005)

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Najman, Stevo
AU  - Đorđević, Ljubiša
AU  - Savić, Vojin
AU  - Ignjatović, Nenad
AU  - Miljković, Miroslav
AU  - Vasiljević, Perica
AU  - Uskoković, Dragan
PY  - 2005
UR  - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/0365-44780503005N
UR  - https://dais.sanu.ac.rs/123456789/3365
AB  - Siloxane polimers have been widely used in biomedicine and pharmacy due to their biocompatibility. Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a natural constituent of bones, and therefore widely used in maxillofacial and orthopedic surgery. HAp itself is amorphous and without elasticity, so its characteristics can be improved when combined with organic polymers. We evaluated the interaction of cells and composites made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and HAp by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 10 days after their intraperitoneal implantation into Balb/c mice. Two composites which were different in the quantity of HAp were analyzed. Both of them showed high adhesive characteristics for different cell types. The erythrocytes in cell clusters could be seen on the surface of the composite with higher quantity of HAp.
AB  - Siloksanski polimeri široko se koriste u biomedicini i farmaciji. Hidroksiapatit (HAp) je prirodni konstituent kosti i zato je u širokoj upotrebi u maksilofacijalnoj i ortopedskoj hirurgiji. Sam HAp je amorfan i nema elastičnosti, pa se njegove osobine poboljšavaju kombinovanjem sa polimerima. Ispitivali smo interakciju ćelija i kompozita izrađenog od polidimetilsiloksana (PDMS) i HAp-a skening elektronskom mikroskopijom (SEM) 10 dana posle intraperitonealne implantacije ovih materijala u Balb/c miševe. Analizirana su dva kompozita koji se razlikuju u količini HAp-a. Oba se karakterišu visokom adhezivnošću za različite tipove ćelija. Eritrociti se vide u ćelijskim klasterima na površini kompozita sa većom količinom HAp-a.
PB  - Niš : University of Niš, Faculty of Medicine
T2  - Acta medica Medianae
T1  - Cell response to intraperitoneal pdms/HAp composite implant
T1  - Ćelijski odgovor na intraperitonealni implant kompozita pdms/HAp
SP  - 5
EP  - 8
VL  - 44
IS  - 3
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_3365
ER  - 
@article{
author = "Najman, Stevo and Đorđević, Ljubiša and Savić, Vojin and Ignjatović, Nenad and Miljković, Miroslav and Vasiljević, Perica and Uskoković, Dragan",
year = "2005",
abstract = "Siloxane polimers have been widely used in biomedicine and pharmacy due to their biocompatibility. Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a natural constituent of bones, and therefore widely used in maxillofacial and orthopedic surgery. HAp itself is amorphous and without elasticity, so its characteristics can be improved when combined with organic polymers. We evaluated the interaction of cells and composites made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and HAp by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 10 days after their intraperitoneal implantation into Balb/c mice. Two composites which were different in the quantity of HAp were analyzed. Both of them showed high adhesive characteristics for different cell types. The erythrocytes in cell clusters could be seen on the surface of the composite with higher quantity of HAp., Siloksanski polimeri široko se koriste u biomedicini i farmaciji. Hidroksiapatit (HAp) je prirodni konstituent kosti i zato je u širokoj upotrebi u maksilofacijalnoj i ortopedskoj hirurgiji. Sam HAp je amorfan i nema elastičnosti, pa se njegove osobine poboljšavaju kombinovanjem sa polimerima. Ispitivali smo interakciju ćelija i kompozita izrađenog od polidimetilsiloksana (PDMS) i HAp-a skening elektronskom mikroskopijom (SEM) 10 dana posle intraperitonealne implantacije ovih materijala u Balb/c miševe. Analizirana su dva kompozita koji se razlikuju u količini HAp-a. Oba se karakterišu visokom adhezivnošću za različite tipove ćelija. Eritrociti se vide u ćelijskim klasterima na površini kompozita sa većom količinom HAp-a.",
publisher = "Niš : University of Niš, Faculty of Medicine",
journal = "Acta medica Medianae",
title = "Cell response to intraperitoneal pdms/HAp composite implant, Ćelijski odgovor na intraperitonealni implant kompozita pdms/HAp",
pages = "5-8",
volume = "44",
number = "3",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_3365"
}
Najman, S., Đorđević, L., Savić, V., Ignjatović, N., Miljković, M., Vasiljević, P.,& Uskoković, D.. (2005). Cell response to intraperitoneal pdms/HAp composite implant. in Acta medica Medianae
Niš : University of Niš, Faculty of Medicine., 44(3), 5-8.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_3365
Najman S, Đorđević L, Savić V, Ignjatović N, Miljković M, Vasiljević P, Uskoković D. Cell response to intraperitoneal pdms/HAp composite implant. in Acta medica Medianae. 2005;44(3):5-8.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_3365 .
Najman, Stevo, Đorđević, Ljubiša, Savić, Vojin, Ignjatović, Nenad, Miljković, Miroslav, Vasiljević, Perica, Uskoković, Dragan, "Cell response to intraperitoneal pdms/HAp composite implant" in Acta medica Medianae, 44, no. 3 (2005):5-8,
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_3365 .