Онор Бриџит Фел (1900-1986)
Honor Bridget Fell (1960-1986)
Аутори
Џенет, ВонVaughan, Dame Janet
Остала ауторства
Максимовић, ЉубомирКнежевић, Зоран
Милошевић-Ђорђевић, Нада
Костић, Весна
Конференцијски прилог (Објављена верзија)
Метаподаци
Приказ свих података о документуАпстракт
Онор Бриџит Фел је рођена 22. маја 1900. као девето и последње дете
пуковника Виљема Едвина Фела (William Edwin Fell) и Алисе (Alice) Фел,
рођене Пикерсгил-Канлиф (Pickersgill-Cunliffe). Имала је шест сестара
и двојицу браће; један брат, млађи од двојице, имао је Даунов синдром и
преминуо је када му је било осам година.
Будући да је старији брат имао осам година више од Онор, она је
била „мезимица” породице. Рођена је у Фоторпу близу Илија, у Јоркширу.
Породица се овде доселила из Сасекса, где су поседовали фарму Спринг хед, у близини Стејнинга. Отац јој је био мањи земљопоседник, али се неможе рећи да је био успешан фармер. Имао је ту несрећу да се бавио по љопривредом током најгоре депресије. Највише се интересовао за војску
и коње, и то је успешно комбиновао. Током Бурског рата, пуно времена је
провео у Сједињеним Државама набављајући коње који су слати британ ској војсци у Јужну Африку. Живо се интересовао за природу и животиње,
а њена породица је сматрала да је... Онор наследила своју дубоку везаност
за биологију од њега. Мајка јој је била потпуно другачија особа: изузетно
практична, способан столар и натпросечни архитекта. Лично је пројекто вала кућу у Фоторпу и надзирала њену изградњу. У сваком смислу била је
матријарх породице и носила терет одгајања велике породице у условима
који никада нису били лаки. Доживела је дубоку старост, преминувши
1986. Породице Фел и Пикерсгил-Канлиф биле су велике, раширене и
познате. Штампан је чак и породични билтен и објављиван тромесечно за
износ од 7 шилинга годишње. Онор се овде помиње неколико пута, пре
свега у приказу венчања њене сестре Барбаре, на коме се појавила као
тринаестогодишња ученица, носећи своју питому веверицу по имену Џејни,
на згранутост преосталог дела породице. На много начина ово је била на дарена и изузетна породица – сви су имали изразити уметнички дар, брат
јој је био талентовани инжењер, сви су доживели девету деценију, а један
је чак зашао и у десету.
Онор је изгледа имала мало веза са породицом све до шездесетих
година XX века, када су је братанац Хенри Фел и његова супруга позвали
да дође код њих и Хенријевог оца, који је под старост живео са њима. Ова
посета се показала као веома успешна, па је Ускрс, а понекад и Божић,
проводила са њима..
Fell Honor Bridget was born at Fowthorpe near Filey in Yorkshire on 22 May 1900,
as the ninth child of Colonel William Edwin Fell and Alice Fell.
She was educated at Wychwood school in Oxford and later continued her education
at Madras College, St Andrews. In 1918, she went to Edinburgh University to read
zoology. She graduated in 1923, earned a PhD degree in 1924, and a DSc in 1932.
During her undergraduate study in zoology she spent some time doing research at
the laboratory of Dr T. S. P. Strangeways, where she mastered tissue culture technique.
She began her scientific career as Dr Strangeways’ research assistant at Cambridge
in 1923, where she spent her entire career. Throughout her career she was awarded
several prestigious scholarships including a Beit Fellowship, Messel Research Fellow
Royal Society and Foulerton Research Fellow (ship of the) Royal Society. In 1963 she was
awarded a Royal Society Research Professorship. She was director of the Strangeways ...
Research Laboratory from 1929 up to 1970. In retirement Fell was a research worker in
the Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, at the University of Cambridge
from 1970 up to 1979, and then she returned to the Strangeways Research Laboratory
where she worked from 1979 to 1986.
Throughout her entire career, which lasted over 61 years, she used tissue and organ
culture technique for the analysis of the complex effects of different agents on bone,
cartilage and associated tissues cells. In the early stages of her research development,
Honor focused on the histogenesis of cartilage and bone, as well as on the differentiation
of embryonic tissues growing in vitro. She made a major contribution to studies on
the mechanisms of bone calcification, as well as to the recognition of the importance
of the role of alkaline phosphatase in bone mineralization. She demonstrated the
osteogenic capacity of periosteum and endosteum and the development of the knee
joint by using tissue and organ culture technique. She continued to be focused
on developmental studies in the 1940s. In the 1950s, she joined forces with Edward
Mellanby to examine the effects of vitamin A. Even though it was widely known that
in young animals and children hypervitaminosis A was found to cause severe damage
of the skeleton, the mechanisms of their occurrence were not sufficiently clear. After
having performed two series of experiments, she demonstrated that retinol caused
dramatic periosteal bone and cartilage resorption, with no signs of cell death. Those
observations initiated research and conceptual insights into the process of cartilage
matrix degradation. She continued her studies on the effects of vitamin A in the 1950s,
1960s and 1970s. Not only are the results of the aforementioned research significant for
detecting the adverse effects of high concentrations of vitamin A on bone matrix and
cartilage, but also because observations suggest that the administration of vitamin A
influences the characteristics of the epidermis. She particularly focused on the study
of the mechanisms of the occurrence of joint surface damage in the pathogenesis of
rheumatoid arthritis. She noticed that synovial membrane hypertrophy was a striking
feature of rheumatoid arthritis, and that a large number of lymphocytes and plasma
cells infiltrated in it, which correlated with the articular cartilage breakdown and its
gradual replacement by synovial tissue. Together with Lewis Thomas she showed that
papain caused the depletion of cartilage matrix in a very similar manner as retinol. Based
on these and previous research findings she assumed that the changes in cartilage
seen in experimental hypervitaminosis A, might be the result of the activation of
proteolytic enzymes with properties similar to papain. That hypothesis was confirmed
when it was shown that cartilage matrix degradation did indeed occur as a result of the
activity of lysosomal proteases. Some subsequent studies showed the protective effect
of cortisone on matrix degradation. In the late 1960s she focused on immune responses
involved in cartilage damage. She showed that in the presence of complement, tissue
protein antibodies could cause drastic cartilage damage, as well as that live cells
were required for this process. The fact that they became aware of a major role of
synovial tissue in cartilage destruction, led Fell and Audrey Glauert to initiate a series
of studies on the histology of normal synovium using light and electron microscopy.
In 1982, after a series of experiments examining the effects of corticosteroids on pig
articular cartilage, Fell concluded that cortisone significantly inhibited the destruction
of cartilage explanted in contact with synovial tissue. She showed that the protective
effect of cortisone on the breakdown of cartilage caused by synovial tissue in organ
culture was achieved by inhibitory effect on catabolin production, later identified as
interleukin-1, and by reducing the production of degradative enzymes in synovial cells.
Based on the fact that collagen degradation is accelerated by the addition of substances
such as sodium fluoride, she assumed that modulation of the cellular cAMP level
might be a step towards collagen degradation. Together with her colleagues from the
Strangeways Research Laboratory, she made the assumption that synovial cells could
produce a plasminogen activator, which then could activate the plasminogen present
in tissue culture medium; which in turn could lead to the activation of collagenases
and result in collagen degradation. Electron microscope studies showed that synovial
and inflammatory cells played an important role in collagen degradation. In addition to
her enormous contribution to the development of tissue and organ culture, Fell made
a major contribution to the optimization of the composition of the medium on which
tissues and organs were grown.
In addition to her major personal contribution to biology, she largely contributed
to science by having established a unique organization, the Strangeways Research
Laboratory, which was set up as and remained an independent laboratory not operating
in either university or any other institution setting. The laboratory in which Fell
Honor came from Edinburg in 1923 was set up by Dr T. S. P. Strangeways. Strangeways
unexpectedly passed away in 1926, leaving the renowned laboratory heavily indebted.
Together with F. G. Spear, Honor Fell fought to keep the laboratory open, justifying it
on the grounds that it was the only institution in the country entirely dedicated to cell
biology research. In a decisive meeting held in 1927, the trustees decided to keep the
laboratory open. Honor Fell was named its director for scientific development in 1929.
When in 1970 she retired from her position as director, there were 121 employees in
the laboratory, including 62 scientists and 29 technical assistants. Browsing through
the list of all researchers who worked at the Strangeways laboratory over either
long or short period of time, one finds that there are hardly any names of the now
famous chemists, orthopedists, rheumatologists, radiobiologists, histologists or bone
biologists missing. They were coming from all over the world, and from Serbia, too.
Fell demonstrated a genuine willingness to help our researchers and she provided the
opportunity of a 2-year research stay in her laboratory to Academician Martinović. Fell
deeply respected the principles of research ethics, and accordingly during her entire
career she refused to include her name as a co-author in any paper from the laboratory
to which she did not provide a working contribution, as she personally termed it,
nevertheless, when one reads a number of papers that do not include her name among
its authors, her personal contribution to those papers is more than evident given
her lively interest and discussions. She had a natural skill in disseminating research
findings, to which she made a major contribution by putting the laboratory premises
and equipment, as well as her techniques, at other scientists’ disposal, thereby exerting
influence on research findings that were not within a narrow field of her study. The
Strangeways Research Laboratory that was set up by Fell and Spear today operates as
an independent organization.
Throughout her career she won numerous awards including: The Trail Medal of
the Linnean Society, Fellow of the Royal Society, Prix Albert Bracher, Belgian Royal
Academy, Hon. LL. D., Edinburgh Hon. Sc. D., Smith College, U.S.A., D.B.E., Hon. D. Sc.,
Oxon, Hon. Sc. D., Harvard, Prix Charles-Leopold Mayer, French Academy of Science,
Hon. D. Sc., London, The Heberden Medal for Research in Rheumatic Diseases of the
Heberden Society, Hon. Sc., D., Cambridge, Hon. LL.D., Glasgow, Hon. M.D., Leiden.
She was a member of numerous renowned associations and academies, and on 22
May 1975 she was elected a foreign member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and
Arts
Кључне речи:
Онор Бриџит Фел (1900-1986) / биографија / Honor Bridget Fell (1900-1986) / biographyИзвор:
Живот и стваралаштво жена чланова Српског ученог друштва, Српске краљевске академије и Српске академије наука и уметности. Том 1, 2021, 429-460Издавач:
- Београд : Српска академија наука и уметности
TY - CONF AU - Џенет, Вон AU - Vaughan, Dame Janet PY - 2021 UR - https://dais.sanu.ac.rs/123456789/14576 AB - Онор Бриџит Фел је рођена 22. маја 1900. као девето и последње дете пуковника Виљема Едвина Фела (William Edwin Fell) и Алисе (Alice) Фел, рођене Пикерсгил-Канлиф (Pickersgill-Cunliffe). Имала је шест сестара и двојицу браће; један брат, млађи од двојице, имао је Даунов синдром и преминуо је када му је било осам година. Будући да је старији брат имао осам година више од Онор, она је била „мезимица” породице. Рођена је у Фоторпу близу Илија, у Јоркширу. Породица се овде доселила из Сасекса, где су поседовали фарму Спринг хед, у близини Стејнинга. Отац јој је био мањи земљопоседник, али се неможе рећи да је био успешан фармер. Имао је ту несрећу да се бавио по љопривредом током најгоре депресије. Највише се интересовао за војску и коње, и то је успешно комбиновао. Током Бурског рата, пуно времена је провео у Сједињеним Државама набављајући коње који су слати британ ској војсци у Јужну Африку. Живо се интересовао за природу и животиње, а њена породица је сматрала да је Онор наследила своју дубоку везаност за биологију од њега. Мајка јој је била потпуно другачија особа: изузетно практична, способан столар и натпросечни архитекта. Лично је пројекто вала кућу у Фоторпу и надзирала њену изградњу. У сваком смислу била је матријарх породице и носила терет одгајања велике породице у условима који никада нису били лаки. Доживела је дубоку старост, преминувши 1986. Породице Фел и Пикерсгил-Канлиф биле су велике, раширене и познате. Штампан је чак и породични билтен и објављиван тромесечно за износ од 7 шилинга годишње. Онор се овде помиње неколико пута, пре свега у приказу венчања њене сестре Барбаре, на коме се појавила као тринаестогодишња ученица, носећи своју питому веверицу по имену Џејни, на згранутост преосталог дела породице. На много начина ово је била на дарена и изузетна породица – сви су имали изразити уметнички дар, брат јој је био талентовани инжењер, сви су доживели девету деценију, а један је чак зашао и у десету. Онор је изгледа имала мало веза са породицом све до шездесетих година XX века, када су је братанац Хенри Фел и његова супруга позвали да дође код њих и Хенријевог оца, који је под старост живео са њима. Ова посета се показала као веома успешна, па је Ускрс, а понекад и Божић, проводила са њима.. AB - Fell Honor Bridget was born at Fowthorpe near Filey in Yorkshire on 22 May 1900, as the ninth child of Colonel William Edwin Fell and Alice Fell. She was educated at Wychwood school in Oxford and later continued her education at Madras College, St Andrews. In 1918, she went to Edinburgh University to read zoology. She graduated in 1923, earned a PhD degree in 1924, and a DSc in 1932. During her undergraduate study in zoology she spent some time doing research at the laboratory of Dr T. S. P. Strangeways, where she mastered tissue culture technique. She began her scientific career as Dr Strangeways’ research assistant at Cambridge in 1923, where she spent her entire career. Throughout her career she was awarded several prestigious scholarships including a Beit Fellowship, Messel Research Fellow Royal Society and Foulerton Research Fellow (ship of the) Royal Society. In 1963 she was awarded a Royal Society Research Professorship. She was director of the Strangeways Research Laboratory from 1929 up to 1970. In retirement Fell was a research worker in the Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, at the University of Cambridge from 1970 up to 1979, and then she returned to the Strangeways Research Laboratory where she worked from 1979 to 1986. Throughout her entire career, which lasted over 61 years, she used tissue and organ culture technique for the analysis of the complex effects of different agents on bone, cartilage and associated tissues cells. In the early stages of her research development, Honor focused on the histogenesis of cartilage and bone, as well as on the differentiation of embryonic tissues growing in vitro. She made a major contribution to studies on the mechanisms of bone calcification, as well as to the recognition of the importance of the role of alkaline phosphatase in bone mineralization. She demonstrated the osteogenic capacity of periosteum and endosteum and the development of the knee joint by using tissue and organ culture technique. She continued to be focused on developmental studies in the 1940s. In the 1950s, she joined forces with Edward Mellanby to examine the effects of vitamin A. Even though it was widely known that in young animals and children hypervitaminosis A was found to cause severe damage of the skeleton, the mechanisms of their occurrence were not sufficiently clear. After having performed two series of experiments, she demonstrated that retinol caused dramatic periosteal bone and cartilage resorption, with no signs of cell death. Those observations initiated research and conceptual insights into the process of cartilage matrix degradation. She continued her studies on the effects of vitamin A in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. Not only are the results of the aforementioned research significant for detecting the adverse effects of high concentrations of vitamin A on bone matrix and cartilage, but also because observations suggest that the administration of vitamin A influences the characteristics of the epidermis. She particularly focused on the study of the mechanisms of the occurrence of joint surface damage in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. She noticed that synovial membrane hypertrophy was a striking feature of rheumatoid arthritis, and that a large number of lymphocytes and plasma cells infiltrated in it, which correlated with the articular cartilage breakdown and its gradual replacement by synovial tissue. Together with Lewis Thomas she showed that papain caused the depletion of cartilage matrix in a very similar manner as retinol. Based on these and previous research findings she assumed that the changes in cartilage seen in experimental hypervitaminosis A, might be the result of the activation of proteolytic enzymes with properties similar to papain. That hypothesis was confirmed when it was shown that cartilage matrix degradation did indeed occur as a result of the activity of lysosomal proteases. Some subsequent studies showed the protective effect of cortisone on matrix degradation. In the late 1960s she focused on immune responses involved in cartilage damage. She showed that in the presence of complement, tissue protein antibodies could cause drastic cartilage damage, as well as that live cells were required for this process. The fact that they became aware of a major role of synovial tissue in cartilage destruction, led Fell and Audrey Glauert to initiate a series of studies on the histology of normal synovium using light and electron microscopy. In 1982, after a series of experiments examining the effects of corticosteroids on pig articular cartilage, Fell concluded that cortisone significantly inhibited the destruction of cartilage explanted in contact with synovial tissue. She showed that the protective effect of cortisone on the breakdown of cartilage caused by synovial tissue in organ culture was achieved by inhibitory effect on catabolin production, later identified as interleukin-1, and by reducing the production of degradative enzymes in synovial cells. Based on the fact that collagen degradation is accelerated by the addition of substances such as sodium fluoride, she assumed that modulation of the cellular cAMP level might be a step towards collagen degradation. Together with her colleagues from the Strangeways Research Laboratory, she made the assumption that synovial cells could produce a plasminogen activator, which then could activate the plasminogen present in tissue culture medium; which in turn could lead to the activation of collagenases and result in collagen degradation. Electron microscope studies showed that synovial and inflammatory cells played an important role in collagen degradation. In addition to her enormous contribution to the development of tissue and organ culture, Fell made a major contribution to the optimization of the composition of the medium on which tissues and organs were grown. In addition to her major personal contribution to biology, she largely contributed to science by having established a unique organization, the Strangeways Research Laboratory, which was set up as and remained an independent laboratory not operating in either university or any other institution setting. The laboratory in which Fell Honor came from Edinburg in 1923 was set up by Dr T. S. P. Strangeways. Strangeways unexpectedly passed away in 1926, leaving the renowned laboratory heavily indebted. Together with F. G. Spear, Honor Fell fought to keep the laboratory open, justifying it on the grounds that it was the only institution in the country entirely dedicated to cell biology research. In a decisive meeting held in 1927, the trustees decided to keep the laboratory open. Honor Fell was named its director for scientific development in 1929. When in 1970 she retired from her position as director, there were 121 employees in the laboratory, including 62 scientists and 29 technical assistants. Browsing through the list of all researchers who worked at the Strangeways laboratory over either long or short period of time, one finds that there are hardly any names of the now famous chemists, orthopedists, rheumatologists, radiobiologists, histologists or bone biologists missing. They were coming from all over the world, and from Serbia, too. Fell demonstrated a genuine willingness to help our researchers and she provided the opportunity of a 2-year research stay in her laboratory to Academician Martinović. Fell deeply respected the principles of research ethics, and accordingly during her entire career she refused to include her name as a co-author in any paper from the laboratory to which she did not provide a working contribution, as she personally termed it, nevertheless, when one reads a number of papers that do not include her name among its authors, her personal contribution to those papers is more than evident given her lively interest and discussions. She had a natural skill in disseminating research findings, to which she made a major contribution by putting the laboratory premises and equipment, as well as her techniques, at other scientists’ disposal, thereby exerting influence on research findings that were not within a narrow field of her study. The Strangeways Research Laboratory that was set up by Fell and Spear today operates as an independent organization. Throughout her career she won numerous awards including: The Trail Medal of the Linnean Society, Fellow of the Royal Society, Prix Albert Bracher, Belgian Royal Academy, Hon. LL. D., Edinburgh Hon. Sc. D., Smith College, U.S.A., D.B.E., Hon. D. Sc., Oxon, Hon. Sc. D., Harvard, Prix Charles-Leopold Mayer, French Academy of Science, Hon. D. Sc., London, The Heberden Medal for Research in Rheumatic Diseases of the Heberden Society, Hon. Sc., D., Cambridge, Hon. LL.D., Glasgow, Hon. M.D., Leiden. She was a member of numerous renowned associations and academies, and on 22 May 1975 she was elected a foreign member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts PB - Београд : Српска академија наука и уметности C3 - Живот и стваралаштво жена чланова Српског ученог друштва, Српске краљевске академије и Српске академије наука и уметности. Том 1 T1 - Онор Бриџит Фел (1900-1986) T1 - Honor Bridget Fell (1960-1986) SP - 429 EP - 460 UR - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_14576 ER -
@conference{ author = "Џенет, Вон and Vaughan, Dame Janet", year = "2021", abstract = "Онор Бриџит Фел је рођена 22. маја 1900. као девето и последње дете пуковника Виљема Едвина Фела (William Edwin Fell) и Алисе (Alice) Фел, рођене Пикерсгил-Канлиф (Pickersgill-Cunliffe). Имала је шест сестара и двојицу браће; један брат, млађи од двојице, имао је Даунов синдром и преминуо је када му је било осам година. Будући да је старији брат имао осам година више од Онор, она је била „мезимица” породице. Рођена је у Фоторпу близу Илија, у Јоркширу. Породица се овде доселила из Сасекса, где су поседовали фарму Спринг хед, у близини Стејнинга. Отац јој је био мањи земљопоседник, али се неможе рећи да је био успешан фармер. Имао је ту несрећу да се бавио по љопривредом током најгоре депресије. Највише се интересовао за војску и коње, и то је успешно комбиновао. Током Бурског рата, пуно времена је провео у Сједињеним Државама набављајући коње који су слати британ ској војсци у Јужну Африку. Живо се интересовао за природу и животиње, а њена породица је сматрала да је Онор наследила своју дубоку везаност за биологију од њега. Мајка јој је била потпуно другачија особа: изузетно практична, способан столар и натпросечни архитекта. Лично је пројекто вала кућу у Фоторпу и надзирала њену изградњу. У сваком смислу била је матријарх породице и носила терет одгајања велике породице у условима који никада нису били лаки. Доживела је дубоку старост, преминувши 1986. Породице Фел и Пикерсгил-Канлиф биле су велике, раширене и познате. Штампан је чак и породични билтен и објављиван тромесечно за износ од 7 шилинга годишње. Онор се овде помиње неколико пута, пре свега у приказу венчања њене сестре Барбаре, на коме се појавила као тринаестогодишња ученица, носећи своју питому веверицу по имену Џејни, на згранутост преосталог дела породице. На много начина ово је била на дарена и изузетна породица – сви су имали изразити уметнички дар, брат јој је био талентовани инжењер, сви су доживели девету деценију, а један је чак зашао и у десету. Онор је изгледа имала мало веза са породицом све до шездесетих година XX века, када су је братанац Хенри Фел и његова супруга позвали да дође код њих и Хенријевог оца, који је под старост живео са њима. Ова посета се показала као веома успешна, па је Ускрс, а понекад и Божић, проводила са њима.., Fell Honor Bridget was born at Fowthorpe near Filey in Yorkshire on 22 May 1900, as the ninth child of Colonel William Edwin Fell and Alice Fell. She was educated at Wychwood school in Oxford and later continued her education at Madras College, St Andrews. In 1918, she went to Edinburgh University to read zoology. She graduated in 1923, earned a PhD degree in 1924, and a DSc in 1932. During her undergraduate study in zoology she spent some time doing research at the laboratory of Dr T. S. P. Strangeways, where she mastered tissue culture technique. She began her scientific career as Dr Strangeways’ research assistant at Cambridge in 1923, where she spent her entire career. Throughout her career she was awarded several prestigious scholarships including a Beit Fellowship, Messel Research Fellow Royal Society and Foulerton Research Fellow (ship of the) Royal Society. In 1963 she was awarded a Royal Society Research Professorship. She was director of the Strangeways Research Laboratory from 1929 up to 1970. In retirement Fell was a research worker in the Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, at the University of Cambridge from 1970 up to 1979, and then she returned to the Strangeways Research Laboratory where she worked from 1979 to 1986. Throughout her entire career, which lasted over 61 years, she used tissue and organ culture technique for the analysis of the complex effects of different agents on bone, cartilage and associated tissues cells. In the early stages of her research development, Honor focused on the histogenesis of cartilage and bone, as well as on the differentiation of embryonic tissues growing in vitro. She made a major contribution to studies on the mechanisms of bone calcification, as well as to the recognition of the importance of the role of alkaline phosphatase in bone mineralization. She demonstrated the osteogenic capacity of periosteum and endosteum and the development of the knee joint by using tissue and organ culture technique. She continued to be focused on developmental studies in the 1940s. In the 1950s, she joined forces with Edward Mellanby to examine the effects of vitamin A. Even though it was widely known that in young animals and children hypervitaminosis A was found to cause severe damage of the skeleton, the mechanisms of their occurrence were not sufficiently clear. After having performed two series of experiments, she demonstrated that retinol caused dramatic periosteal bone and cartilage resorption, with no signs of cell death. Those observations initiated research and conceptual insights into the process of cartilage matrix degradation. She continued her studies on the effects of vitamin A in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. Not only are the results of the aforementioned research significant for detecting the adverse effects of high concentrations of vitamin A on bone matrix and cartilage, but also because observations suggest that the administration of vitamin A influences the characteristics of the epidermis. She particularly focused on the study of the mechanisms of the occurrence of joint surface damage in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. She noticed that synovial membrane hypertrophy was a striking feature of rheumatoid arthritis, and that a large number of lymphocytes and plasma cells infiltrated in it, which correlated with the articular cartilage breakdown and its gradual replacement by synovial tissue. Together with Lewis Thomas she showed that papain caused the depletion of cartilage matrix in a very similar manner as retinol. Based on these and previous research findings she assumed that the changes in cartilage seen in experimental hypervitaminosis A, might be the result of the activation of proteolytic enzymes with properties similar to papain. That hypothesis was confirmed when it was shown that cartilage matrix degradation did indeed occur as a result of the activity of lysosomal proteases. Some subsequent studies showed the protective effect of cortisone on matrix degradation. In the late 1960s she focused on immune responses involved in cartilage damage. She showed that in the presence of complement, tissue protein antibodies could cause drastic cartilage damage, as well as that live cells were required for this process. The fact that they became aware of a major role of synovial tissue in cartilage destruction, led Fell and Audrey Glauert to initiate a series of studies on the histology of normal synovium using light and electron microscopy. In 1982, after a series of experiments examining the effects of corticosteroids on pig articular cartilage, Fell concluded that cortisone significantly inhibited the destruction of cartilage explanted in contact with synovial tissue. She showed that the protective effect of cortisone on the breakdown of cartilage caused by synovial tissue in organ culture was achieved by inhibitory effect on catabolin production, later identified as interleukin-1, and by reducing the production of degradative enzymes in synovial cells. Based on the fact that collagen degradation is accelerated by the addition of substances such as sodium fluoride, she assumed that modulation of the cellular cAMP level might be a step towards collagen degradation. Together with her colleagues from the Strangeways Research Laboratory, she made the assumption that synovial cells could produce a plasminogen activator, which then could activate the plasminogen present in tissue culture medium; which in turn could lead to the activation of collagenases and result in collagen degradation. Electron microscope studies showed that synovial and inflammatory cells played an important role in collagen degradation. In addition to her enormous contribution to the development of tissue and organ culture, Fell made a major contribution to the optimization of the composition of the medium on which tissues and organs were grown. In addition to her major personal contribution to biology, she largely contributed to science by having established a unique organization, the Strangeways Research Laboratory, which was set up as and remained an independent laboratory not operating in either university or any other institution setting. The laboratory in which Fell Honor came from Edinburg in 1923 was set up by Dr T. S. P. Strangeways. Strangeways unexpectedly passed away in 1926, leaving the renowned laboratory heavily indebted. Together with F. G. Spear, Honor Fell fought to keep the laboratory open, justifying it on the grounds that it was the only institution in the country entirely dedicated to cell biology research. In a decisive meeting held in 1927, the trustees decided to keep the laboratory open. Honor Fell was named its director for scientific development in 1929. When in 1970 she retired from her position as director, there were 121 employees in the laboratory, including 62 scientists and 29 technical assistants. Browsing through the list of all researchers who worked at the Strangeways laboratory over either long or short period of time, one finds that there are hardly any names of the now famous chemists, orthopedists, rheumatologists, radiobiologists, histologists or bone biologists missing. They were coming from all over the world, and from Serbia, too. Fell demonstrated a genuine willingness to help our researchers and she provided the opportunity of a 2-year research stay in her laboratory to Academician Martinović. Fell deeply respected the principles of research ethics, and accordingly during her entire career she refused to include her name as a co-author in any paper from the laboratory to which she did not provide a working contribution, as she personally termed it, nevertheless, when one reads a number of papers that do not include her name among its authors, her personal contribution to those papers is more than evident given her lively interest and discussions. She had a natural skill in disseminating research findings, to which she made a major contribution by putting the laboratory premises and equipment, as well as her techniques, at other scientists’ disposal, thereby exerting influence on research findings that were not within a narrow field of her study. The Strangeways Research Laboratory that was set up by Fell and Spear today operates as an independent organization. Throughout her career she won numerous awards including: The Trail Medal of the Linnean Society, Fellow of the Royal Society, Prix Albert Bracher, Belgian Royal Academy, Hon. LL. D., Edinburgh Hon. Sc. D., Smith College, U.S.A., D.B.E., Hon. D. Sc., Oxon, Hon. Sc. D., Harvard, Prix Charles-Leopold Mayer, French Academy of Science, Hon. D. Sc., London, The Heberden Medal for Research in Rheumatic Diseases of the Heberden Society, Hon. Sc., D., Cambridge, Hon. LL.D., Glasgow, Hon. M.D., Leiden. She was a member of numerous renowned associations and academies, and on 22 May 1975 she was elected a foreign member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts", publisher = "Београд : Српска академија наука и уметности", journal = "Живот и стваралаштво жена чланова Српског ученог друштва, Српске краљевске академије и Српске академије наука и уметности. Том 1", title = "Онор Бриџит Фел (1900-1986), Honor Bridget Fell (1960-1986)", pages = "429-460", url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_14576" }
Џенет, В.,& Vaughan, D. J.. (2021). Онор Бриџит Фел (1900-1986). in Живот и стваралаштво жена чланова Српског ученог друштва, Српске краљевске академије и Српске академије наука и уметности. Том 1 Београд : Српска академија наука и уметности., 429-460. https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_14576
Џенет В, Vaughan DJ. Онор Бриџит Фел (1900-1986). in Живот и стваралаштво жена чланова Српског ученог друштва, Српске краљевске академије и Српске академије наука и уметности. Том 1. 2021;:429-460. https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_14576 .
Џенет, Вон, Vaughan, Dame Janet, "Онор Бриџит Фел (1900-1986)" in Живот и стваралаштво жена чланова Српског ученог друштва, Српске краљевске академије и Српске академије наука и уметности. Том 1 (2021):429-460, https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_dais_14576 .