Фонетске особине говора Бастаса

Abstract

1. The village of Bastási (demonyms Bàstašān/Bàstašanin and Bàstašānka, ktetic bàstāškī) is located in the lower part of the Livanjsko polje, on the junction of the borders between the municipalities of Livno, Grahovo and Glamoč, and it belongs administratively to the Grahovo municipality. 2. On the phonetic level, the basic features of this speech come down to the following: A) Vocalism 1) The speech is characterised by a vocal system consisting of fi ve basic vowels a, e, i, o, u and syllabic r̩. The articulation of vowel units is moving within the limits of the general normal of Serbian Novoshtokavian speeches, which means that it is a vocalism that is close to the standard. All the vowels there, of course, can be long and short, stressed and unstressed. 2) The standard vowel colour is most often disrupted by the shifting of the articulation of the short vowels e and o in the direction of a: boleаstan, za večeаru, kiseаla voda, nе moare, to su mu sinoаvi, etc. 3) Vowel substitutions are most often the result of assimilation and dissimilation, sometimes analogy, and, at times, a non-linguistic extra-linguistic factor presents a crucial factor in their occurrence. Substitutions usually encompass short and unstressed vowels, very rarely long and stressed ones. Substitutions are found in local and foreign words. The majority of confi rmed cases are for substitutions of the vowel a, substitutions of e, i, o are equally frequent, while substitutions of the vowel u is an almost insignifi cant phenomenon: jedan od iljedu, jerebica, uzmi kobanicu, dvjesto maraka, prozori od boravine, stegni konapom, etc. 4) When it comes to vowel reductions, they are mostly pertained to the vowel i in medial word positions (less often in fi nal ones) when it is found behind stressed vowels. Such reductions are most pronounced when the post-stressed i is found next to the sonorants, although cases of reduction next to other consonants are not rare either: po brdima, veliko čeljade, vilica mu klapa, polago volovima, ležo u samici, zaključala se u sobicu, etc. 5) The contraction of unstressed sequences -ao, -eo, -uo into -ō is almost a regular tool within the forms of the I-participle: reko, počo, izo se, etc. 6) The former long yat, in principle, gave the following refl exes: ě > ije, ě > ije, ě > ije : bijel ko snijek, pukla cijev, bijeli mu zubi, koja je cijena, u lijevoj, svašta donijeli, etc. The short refl exes are very similar to those in the standard language: dugovječni ljudi, prava mjera, ubjeđivali ga, najsmješnije bi bilo, etc. Ekavisms that occur in this speech are mostly phoneticisms, which are also recognised by the norm of the Serbian language: na Brežinama, brestić, pod brеščićom, ima vremena, etc. Ikavisms characteristic of this speech were also mainly formed phonetically when a short yat was in the position before the vowels o < l and sonorants j and lj: iznijeli biljac, grijota ti je, u nedilju, etc., and typical contact Ikavisms appear in a limited number of words: dida Luke, ajde, dide, nevista Boja. There are also cases of secondary refl exes of yat found: drveni vodijer, kosijer, to je sijerak, etc. 7) As it is the case in the standard language, there are mobile vowels a, e and u present (u occurs very rarely): vakoga života, po dobrome ga zna, o svačemu mi pričaj, etc. B) Consonantism 1) As in the majority of Serbian speeches, the consonant h is most often lost or some other sounds appear where it belongs etymologically: aljinicu imala, ladne mi noge, crkla o-stra, današnji običaja, prvi dana, bilo puno buva, grijota ti je, pusti siromak, etc. 2) In the consonantal system, the constrictive f has become a fairly stable sound, while its replacement by other sounds is a characteristic of the speech of the oldest informants: kad je prošo asvalt, slaba vajda, sjećaš se ti Pilipa, kućna podumenta, etc. 3) The instability of the articulation of the sonorant j in certain positions within the word is of an allophonic nature, which is also a feature of other more or less related speeches: šta je bilo, bajica, udarali brojeve, bojim se, nešto bruji, etc. 4) Other consonants, on the phonetic level, move on average in the same way as in other more western Serbian speeches. 5) The fate of consonant clusters is predominantly the same as the one found in most other speeches of the Herzegovinian-Krajina dialect. 6) The Jekavian iotation encompassed a slightly larger number of consonants than the one in the standard language: đe je, oćerati, ćerati, etc. In the process of the new iotation, the constrictives ś and ź have been created: sutra, izutra. 7) According to the refl ex of groups št/šć and žd/žđ, the speech belongs entirely to the Shtakavian speech group. 8) Desonorisation of fi nal voiced consonants is a very lively phenomenon. Devoicing can be complete or partial: ostavi jednok, za Beograt, blijedt u licu, čuje se vozs, etc. 9) The occurrences of metathesis and haplology are characteristic of the speech: infrakt, ima bliznace, nije ovdalen, loš kurus, nikav čojek, oklen si ti. 3. According to the general classifi cation (see Dragičević 1986: 226–228; Ivić 1996: 146; Dragičević 2001, 86–87) based on the total number of phonetic features, the speech of Bastasi belongs to the eastern group of the northwestern branch of the Eastern Herzegovinian (Herzegovinian-Krajina) dialect. From the territorially close Ikavian speeches of the Livno-Duvno type, apart from the refl exes of yat and the Jekavian iotation, this speech also differs in the refl exes of the groups št/šć, žd/žđ, more frequent reductions of the vowel i, more unstable articulation of the sonorant j, etc. (see Ramić 1999).