Репродуктивна аутономија жене као људско право

Abstract

The reproductive freedom as a human right is in Serbia constitutional right as well. Serbian Constitution (2006) stipulates: “Everyone has a right to decide freely on childbearing” (Art 63/1). In this paper author focuses on autonomous reproductive rights of the woman: right to abortion and rights of the single woman to assisted reproductive technologies. Single woman does not have access to assisted reproductive technologies in some European countries (e.g. in: France, Italy, Switzerland, Austria, and of the countries of the region of the former Yugoslavia – Slovenia). In family law interest of the child to have two parents is recognized. A child born by artificial insemination by donor will have just one parent – a mother, as donor does not have any rights and obligations towards the child. On the other hand, some European countries allow single woman access to assisted reproductive technologies (e.g. United Kingdom, Greece, and of the countries of the region of the former Yugoslavia Croatia, Northern Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia as well). The author is in favour of the UK regulation which stresses `the need for supportive parenting`: “Where the child will have no legal father, the center should assess the prospective mother`s ability to meet the child`s/children`s needs and the ability of other persons within the family or social circle willing to share responsibility for those needs.“ The similar solution would also be acceptable in Serbia, particularly bearing in mind the high level of development of family relations in the Serbian society, where such relations are maintained and nurtured, so that a woman would unlikely find it difficult to procure assistance by an individual willing to partake in raising of a child. Another form of assisted reproductive technologies where a single woman is involved is posthumous fertilization. A child will have de iure two parents, but de facto only one – the mother. The Serbian law fails to state explicitly whether the posthumous fertilization is to be permitted or prohibited. In cases of posthumous fertilization by sperm of the husband or non-marital partner (the homologous fertilization) or embryo transfer of an embryo originating from fertilization of an egg by sperm of the husband/ partner, the husband/ partner shall not enjoy the status of a donor of the genetic material. On the contrary, he is the subject in such procedures together with his wife/partner. It remains unclear whether the legislator intended to extend the reach of this provision to the posthumous fertilization or not. The remaining countries in the region of the former Yugoslavia also fail to set forth explicit rules on posthumous fertilization. It is only prescribed in Montenegro and Croatia, similarly as in Serbia, that utilization of a donor’s sperm shall be prohibited after his death. Some European countries, e.g. UK and Greece, permit posthumous fertilization, on the contrary, posthumous fertilization is prohibited in France, Switzerland and Italy.

Репродуктивна аутономија, однoсно право на слободно одлучивање о рађању деце, је савремено право, ради се о основном људском праву. Устав Србије предвиђа да свако има право да слободно одлучује о рађању деце. Овај рад се фокусира на правни положај жене као титулара права на сло бодно одлучивање о рађању, у смислу појединих овлашћења, те евентуалних ограничења у приступу појединим овлашћењима. Проучава се правни положај жене као субјекта права на прекид трудноће, те специфичности везане за право жене на приступ асистираним репродуктивним технологијама (АРТ). У раду се користи упоредноправни приступ, тако да се приказују решења појединих европских земаља, посебно земаља региона некадашње Југославије, и правна решења Србије, те примери судске праксе Европског суда за људска права и Врховног суда САД.